Students can Download Bio Zoology Chapter 5 Digestion and Absorption Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.
Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology Solutions Chapter 5 Digestion and Absorption
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology Digestion and Absorption Text Book Back Questions and Answers
I. Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Choose the incorrect sentence from the following:
(a) Bile juice emulsifies the fat.
(b) Chyme is a digestive acidic food in the stomach.
(c) Pancreatic juice converts lipid into fatty acid and glycerol.
(d) Enterokinase stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice.
Answer:
(d) Enterokinase stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice.
Question 2.
What is chyme?
(a) The process of conversion of fat into small droplets.
(b) The process of conversion of micelles substances of glycerol into fatty droplet.
(c) The process of preparation of incompletely digested acidic food through gastric juice.
(d) The process of preparation of completely digested liquid food in midgut.
Answer:
(c) The process of preparation of incompletely digested acidic food through gastric juice.
Question 3.
Which of the following hormones stimulate the production of pancreatic juice and bicarbonate?
(a) Angiotensin and epinephrine
(b) Gastrin and insulin
(c) Cholecysokinin and secretin
(d) Insulin and glucagon
Answer:
(c) Cholecysokinin and secretin.
Question 4.
The sphincter of Oddi guards ……………
(a) Hepatopancreatic duct
(b) Common bile duct
(c) Pancreatic duct
(d) Cystic duct
Answer:
(a) Hepatopancreatic duct
Question 5.
In small intestine, active absorption occurs in case of ……………
(a) Glucose
(b) Amino acids
(c) Na
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above
Question 6.
Which one is incorrectly matched?
(a) Pepsin – stomach
(b) Renin – liver
(c) Trypsin – intestine
(d) Ptyalin – mouth
Answer:
(b) Renin – liver
Question 7.
Absorption of glycerol, fatty acids and monoglycerides takes place by …………….
(a) Lymph vessels within villi
(b) Walls of stomach
(c) Colon
(d) Capillaries within villi
Answer:
(a) Lymph vessels within villi
Question 8.
First step in digestion of fat is ……………..
(a) Emulsification
(b) Enzyme action
(c) Absorption by lacteals
(d) Storage in adipose tissue
Answer:
(a) Emulsification
Question 9.
Enterokinase takes part in the conversion of ……………..
(a) Pepsinogen into pepsin
(b) Trypsinogen into trypsin
(c) Protein into polypetide
(d) Caseinogen into casein
Answer:
(b) Trypsinogen into trypsin
Question 10.
Which of the following combinations are not matched?
|
Column I |
Column II |
| (a) Bilirubin and biliverdin |
(i) intestinal juice |
|
(b) Hydrolysis of starch |
(ii) Amylases |
|
(c) Digestion of fat |
(iii) Lipases |
|
(d) Salivary gland |
(iv) Parotid |
Answer:
(a) Bilirubin and biliverdin – (i) intestinal juice
Question 11.
Match column I with column II and choose the correct option
|
Column – I |
Column – II |
|
(P) Small intestine |
(i) Largest factory |
|
(Q) Pancreas |
(ii) Absorption of Water |
|
(R) Liver |
(iii) Carrying electrolytic solution |
|
(S) Colon |
(iv) Digestion and absorption |
(a) (P – iv) (Q – iii) (R – i) (S – ii)
(b) (P – iii) (Q – ii) (R – i) (S – iv)
(c)(P – iv) (Q – iii) (R – i) (S – ii)
(d) (P – ii) (Q – iv) (R – iii) (S – i)
Answer:
(a) (P-iv ) ( Q – iii ) ( R- i ) ( S – ii)
Question 12.
Match column I with column II and choose the correct option
| Column I |
Column II |
|
(p) Small intestine |
(i) 23 cm |
|
(q) Large intestine |
(ii) 4 meter |
|
(r) Oesophagus |
(iii) 12.5 cm |
|
(s) Pharynx |
(iv) 1.5 meter |
(a) (P – iv) (Q – ii) (R – i) (S – iii)
(b) (P – ii) (Q – iv) (R – i) (S – iii)
(c) (P – i) (Q – iii) (R – ii) (S – iv)
(d) (P – iii) (Q – i) (R – ii)(S – iv)
Answer:
(b) (P – ii ) ( Q – iv ) ( R – i ) (S – iii)
Question 13.
Match column I with column II and choose the correct option.
|
Column I |
Column II |
|
(p) Lipase |
(i) Starch |
|
(q) Pepsin |
(ii) Cassein |
|
(r) Renin |
(iii) Protein |
|
(s) Ptyalin |
(iv) Lipid |
(a) (P – iv) (Q – ii)(R – i)(S – iii)
(b) (P – iii) (Q – iv) (R – ii) (S – i)
(c) (P – iv) (Q – iii) (R – ii) (S – i)
(d) (P – iii) (Q – ii) (R – iv) (S – i)
Answer:
(c) (P – iv ) ( Q – iii ) ( R – ii) ( S – i)
Question 14.
Which of the following is not the function of liver?
(a) Production of insulin
(b) Detoxification
(c) Storage of glycogen
(d) Production of bile
Answer:
(a) Production of insulin
Question 15.
Assertion : (A) Large intestine also shows the presence of villi like small intestine.
Reason : (B) Absorption of water takes place in large intestine.
(a) Both A and B are true and B is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and B are true but B is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but B is false
(d) A is false but B is true
Answer:
(d) A is false but B is true
Question 16.
Which of the following is not true regarding intestinal villi?
(a) They possess microvilli.
(b) They increase the surface area.
(c) They are supplied with capillaries and the lacteal vessels.
(d) They only participate in digestion of fats.
Answer:
(d) They only participate ¡n digestion of fats.
II. Short Answer Questions
Question 17.
Why are villi present in the intestine and not in the stomach?
Answer:
- The ileal mucosa has numerous vascular projections called villi.
- It is involved in the process of absorption and the cells lining the villi produce numerous microscopic projections called microvilli.
- A brush border appearance increases the surface area enormously.
- Villi are not present in the stomach, because absorption does not occur and digestion happens with the help of gastric juices.
Question 18.
Bile juice contains no digestive enzymes, yet It is important for digestion. Why?
Answer:
Liver does not secrete digestive enzymes. It contains bile pigments hilirubin and hiliverdin which are the break down products of haemoglobin of dead RBCs. bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids. Bile helps in emulsification of fats. Bile salts reduce the surface tension of fat droplets and break them into small globules. Bile also activates lipase to digest lipids.
Question 19.
List the chemical changes that starch molecule undergoes from the time it reaches the small intestine.
Answer:
In the small intestine, starch digestion gets completed. The pancreatic juice contains pancreatic amylases which acts on polysaccharide and convert into disaccharides (maltose). These cretions of the Brunner’s gland along with the secretions of the intestinal glands constitute the intestinal juice or succus entericus. It contains maltose, lactose and sucrose. These convert maltose, lactose and sucrose into monosaccharides, glucose and fructose.
In the small intestine, complex carbohydrates are converted into simple ghicose. fructose and galactose. These are absorbed by active transport.
Question 20.
How do proteins differ from fats in their energy value and their role in the body?
Answer:
The calorific value and physiological fiel value of one gram of protein are 5.65 Kcal and 4 Kcal respectively. Fat has a calorific value of 9.45 Kcal and the physiological fuel value of 9 Kcal per gram. Proteins are the source of amino acids required for growth and repair of body cells. They are stored in the body only to a certain extent. They replace the worn out protoplasm. They are important for the production of many enzymes. hormones and plasma. The catabolism of amino acids releases toxic nitrogenous wastes which are removed by the kidneys.
Question 21.
Digestive secretions are secreted only when needed. Discuss.
Answer:
Digestive glands are exocrine glands which secrete biological catalysts called enzymes. These enzyme convert the complex. insoluble foodmaterials like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids into simplex, soluble food materials like glucose and fructose, amino acids and fatty acids and glycerol. These digestive ccretions act only when food materials are available in the alimental)’ canal.
Question 22.
Label the given diagram.
Answer:
A – Right and left hepatic duct of liver.
B – Common bile duct.
C – Pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung)
D – Sphincter of oddi
E – Gall bladder.
In-Text Questions Solved
Question 1.
Though the bile juice of liver has no digestive enzyme but is very essential for proper digestion of food, especially of the fats. Discuss the following?
(a) What is composition of bile?
(b) How it helps in digestion of fats and other nutrients of food?
(c) How it helps in absorption of fats?
Answer:
The bile contains bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin) as the break down products of hemoglobin of dead RBCs, bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids but has no enzymes. Bile helps in emulsification of fats. Bile salts reduce the surface tension of fat droplets and break them into small globules. Bile also activates lipases to digest lipids.
Question 2.
What would happen if HCl is not secreted in the stomach?
Answer:
The gastric juice contains HCl and proenzymes. The proenzyme pepsinogen, on exposure to HCl gets converted into the active enzyme pepsin which converts proteins into proteoses and peptones (peptides). The HCl provides an acidic medium (pH – 1.8) which is optimum for pepsin, kills bacteria and other harmful organisms and avoids putrifaction. So, if HCl is not secreted in stomatch, digestion of protein and destruction of harmful micro organisms will be affected.
Question 3.
What features of the small intestine enables it to absorb digested food efficiently?
Answer:
Absorption is a process by which the end product of digestion passes through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and lymph. The villi in the lumen of ileum are the absorbing units, consisting of a lacteal duct in the middle surrounded by fine network of blood capillaries. The process of absorption involves active, passive and facilitated transport.
Question 4.
What happens to the protein molecules in food, from the time it is swallowed, to the time its products are built up in the cytoplasm of a muscle cell?
Answer:
Proteins and partially digested proteins in the chyme on reaching the intestine are acted upon by the proteolytic enzymes of pancreatic juice. Trypsin hydrolyses proteins into polypeptides and peptones, while chymotrypsin hydrolyses peptide bonds associated with specific amino acids. Proteins are source of amino acids required for growth and repair of body cells. They are stored in the body only to a certain extent; large quantities are excreted as nitrogenous waste.
Textbook Activities Solved
Test for Starch :
Add a few drops of iodine to the given warm food sample. If any starch is present in the given food sample it will change the colour of the iodine from brown to blue black.
2. Test for protein :
Mix the given food sample with 3 mL of water in a test tube. Shake the mixture, and then add a few drops of Biuret solution. If protein is present, the colour of the solution will change to purple.
3. Test for glucose :
Mix the given food sample with 3 mL of water in a test tubes. Shake the mixture, and then add a few drops of Benedict’s solution. Keep the test tube in a water bath and heat carefully. If glucose is present, the colour of the solution will change from blue to green to brick red depending upon the amount of glucose.
Entrance Examination Questions Solved
Choose the correct Answer
Question 1.
How pepsin is differing from trypsin? [DPMT 1993]
(a) It digests protein in acidic medium
(b) It digests protein in alkaline medium
(c) It digests carbohydrate in acidic medium
(d) It digests carbohydrate in alkaline medium
Answer:
(a) It digests protein in acidic medium
Question 2.
Human intestine is large because ………… [DPMT1996]
(a) Bacteria in the food moves slowly
(b) Substances of food digest slowly
(c) It provide more space for the absorption of digested food
(d) It provide more space for the storage of food
Answer:
(c) It provide more space for the absorption of digested food
Question 3.
How the epidermal cells in the stomach of vertebrate animal is protected against HCl? [NCERT1981]
(a) HCl is dilute
(b) Epidermal cells defense the function of HCl
(c) HCl is neutralized in stomach
(d) Epidermal cells covered with secretion of mucus
Answer:
(d) Epidermal cells covered with secretion of mucus
Question 4.
By what the major part of mammalian teeth is made up ?
(a) Root
(b) Pulp
(c) Dentin
(d) Enamel
Answer:
(c) Dentin
Question 5.
Enterokinase takes part in the conversion of what? [BHU 2000]
(a) Pepsinogen into pepsin
(b) Trypsinogen into trypsin
(c) Protein into polypetide
(d) Casernogen into casein
Answer:
(b) Trypsinogen into trypsin .
Question 6.
Secretin stimulates production of ………… [MPPMT 2002]
(a) Saliva
(b) Gastric juice
(c) Bile
(d) Pancreatic juice
Answer:
(d) Pancreatic juice
Question 7.
Pepsin acts in ………… [HPPMT 2001]
(a) Basic medium
(b) Acidic medium
(c) Neutral medium
(d) All type of medium
Answer:
(b) Acidic medium
Question 8.
Enzyme trypsin is secreted by ………… [AFMC 20031
(a) Duodenum
(b) Liver
(c) Pancreas
(d) Stomach
Answer:
(c) Pancreas
Question 9.
The number of teeth that grow twice in the human life is ………… [AFMC 2002, 2004]
(a) 4
(b) 12
(c) 20
(d) 28
Answer:
(c) 20
Question 10.
The number of teeth that grow once in the human life is ………… [DPMT BHU 1986]
(a) 4
(b) 12
(c) 20
(d) 28
Answer:
(d) 28
Question 11.
Cholesterol is synthesised in ………… [M.RPMT 2000]
(a) Bninner’s glands
(b) Liver
(c) Spleen
(d) Pancreas
Answer:
(b) Liver
Question 12.
Largest gland in human body is ………… [JK, CMEE 2003]
(a) Liver
(b) Pancreas
(c) Pituitary
(d) Thyroid
Answer:
(a) Liver
Question 13.
Muscular contraction of alimentary canal are ………… [CMC 2003]
(a) Circulation
(b) Deglutition
(c) Churning
(d) Peristalsis
Answer:
(d) Peristalsis
Question 14.
Fatty acids and glycerol are first absorbed by ………… [BV2000J]
(a) Lymph vessels
(b) Villi
(c) Blood capillaries
(d) Hepatic portal vein
Answer:
(a) Lymph vessels
Question 15.
Trypsin changes ………… [MPPMT 1995]
(a) Proteins into peptones
(b) Fats into fatty acids
(c) Starch and glycogen into maltose
(d) Maltose into its components
Answer:
(a) Proteins into peptones
Question 16.
Secretin hormone is produced by ………… [MPPMT 1995]
(a) Stomach
(b) Liver
(c) Intestine
(d) Pancreas
Answer:
(c) Intestine
Question 17.
Narrow distal part of stomach is ………… [MPPMT 1995]
(a) Cardiac
(b) Pharynx
(c) Duodenum
(d) Pylorus
Answer:
(d) Pylorus
Question 18.
pH suitable for ptyalin actions is ………… [AFMC 1996]
(a) 6 – 8
(b) 7 – 8
(c) 3 – 2
(d) 9 – 3
Answer:
(c) 3 – 2
Question 19.
What will happen if bile duct gets choked? [DPMT 1991]
(a) Feces become dry
(b) Acidic chyme will not be neutralised
(c) There will be little digestion in intestine
(d) Little absorption of fat will occur
Answer:
(b) Acidic chyme will not be neutralised
Question 20.
Digestion of both starch and protein is carried out by ………… [AFMC 19961
(a) Gastric juice
(b) Gastric lipase
(c) Pancreatic juice
(d) Ptyalin
Answer:
(c) Pancreatic juice
Question 21.
What is common among amylase, renin and trypsin? [CPMT 2000]
(a) All proteins
(b) Proteolytic enzymes
(c) Produced in stomach
(d) Act at pH lower than 7
Answer:
(a) All proteins
Question 22.
Enterokinase is ………… [BHU l997]
(a) Pancreatic hormone
(b) Intestine hormone
(c) Pancreatic enzyme
(d) Component of Intestinal juice
Answer:
(d) Component of Intestinal juice
Question 23.
Which enzyme initiates protein digestion? [MPPMT l997
(a) Pepsin
(b) Trypsin
(c) Aminopeptidase
(d) Carboxypeptidase
Answer:
(a) Pepsin
Question 24.
The enzyme which does not directly act upon food substrate is …………
(a) Trypsin
(b) Lipase
(c) Enterokinase
(d) Arnylopsin
Answer:
(c) Enterokinase
Question 25.
Pepsin is secreted by …………… [CPMT 1997]
(a) Peptic cells
(b) Zymogen cells of stomach
(c) Zymogcn cells of duodenum
(d) Pancreas
Answer:
(a) Peptic cells
Question 26.
Pepsinogen is activated by …………..
(a) Chymotrypsin
(b) Trypsin
(c) HCl
(d) Pepsin
Answer:
(c) HCl
Question 27.
Contraction of gall bladder is induced by …………
(a) Gastrin
(b) Cholecystokinin
(c) Secretin
(d) Enterogastrone
Answer:
(b) Cholecystokinin
Question 28.
Hormone that stimulates stomach to secrete gastric juice is …………
(a) Run
(b) Enterokinase
(c) Enterogastron
(d) Gastrin
Answer:
(d) Gastrin
Question 29.
Water is largely absorbed in ………… [CPMT 1999]
(a) Stomach
(b) Oesophagus
(c) Small intestine
(d) Colon
Answer:
(d) Colon
Question 30.
HCl is secreted by ………… [DPMT 2002]
(a) Zymogen cells
(b) Kupifer’s cells
(c) Oxyntic cells
(d) Mucous cells
Answer:
(c) Oxyntic cells
Question 31.
Jaundice is a disease of ………… [APMEE 1999]
(a) Kidney
(b) Liver
(c) Pancreas
(d) Duodenum
Answer:
(b) Liver
Question 32.
Which is different? [BHU 1999]
(a) Gastrin
(b) Secretin
(c) Ptyalin
(d) Glucagon
Answer:
(C) Ptyalin
Question 33.
Gastrin is ………… [BHU 1999]
(a) Hormone
(b) Enzyme
(c) Nutrient
(d) Digestive secretion
Answer:
(a) Hormone
Question 34.
Saliva contains enzyme ………… [CPAÍT 2003]
(a) Enterokinase
(b) Ptyalin/ Amylase
(c) Chymotrypsin
(d) Lipase
Answer:
(b) Ptyalin) Amylase
Question 35.
In human being cellulose is digested by …………
(a) Enzyme
(b) Symbiotic bacteria
(c) Symbiotic protozoAnswer:
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Symbiotic bacteria
Question 36.
Enzyme lactase occurs in ………… [MPPMT 2000]
(a) Saliva
(b) Pancreatic juice
(c) Intestinal juice
(d) Stomach
Answer:
(c) Intestinal juice
Question 37.
Protein I enzyme is absent in ………… [MPPMT 2000]
(a) Saliva
(b) bile
(c) Pancreatic juice
(d) Intestinal juice
Answer:were:
(b) Bile
Question 38.
Dental formula shows ………… [MPPMT 2000]
(a) Structure of teeth
(b) Monophyodont or diphyodont condition
(c) Number and type of teeth in both jaws
(d) Number and type of teeth in one half of both jaws
Answer:
(c) Number and type of teeth ¡n both jaws
Question 39.
pH of gastric juice / stomach is …………
(a) 1.5-3.0
(b) 5.0-6.8
(c) 7.0 -9.0
(d) 6.0 -8.0
Answer:
(a) 1.5 -3.0
Question 40.
In case of taking food rich in lime juice, the action of ptyalin on starch is ………… [AuMS 2000]
(a) Enhanced
(b) Reduced
(c) Unaffected
(d) Stopped
Answer:
(b) Reduced
Question 41.
Bile salts take part in ………… [AMU 2000]
(a) Digestion of carbohydrates
(b) Brokedowri of proteins
(c) Emulsification of fat
(d) Absorption of glycerol
Answer:
(c) Emulsification of fat
Question 42.
Digestive juice contains catalytic agents called ………… [PMT 000]
(a) Vitamins
(b) Hormones
(c) Enzymes
(d) Nitrates
Answer:
(c) Enzymes
Question 43.
Which is not the function of liver? [DPMT 2001]
(a) Production of insulin
(b) Detoxification
(c) Storage of glycogen
(d) Production of bile
Answer:
(a) Production of insulin
Question 44.
Fat absorbed from gut is trAnswer:ported in blood …………
(a) Micelles
(b) Liposomes
(c) Chemomicrons
(d) Chlymicrons
Answer:
(a) Micelles
Question 45.
In small intestine, active absorption occurs in case of ………… [AMU 2001]
(a) Glucose
(b) Amino acids
(c) Na+
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above
Question 46.
Which one is not matched? [Har. PMT 2002]
(a) Pepsin – stomach
(b) Renin – liver
(e) Trypsin – intestine
(d) Ptyalin – mouth
Answer:
(b) Renin – liver
Question 47.
What is cholecystokinin?
(a) Bile pigment
(b) Gastro-intestinal hormone
(c) Enzyme
(d) Lipid
Answer:
(b) Gastro-intestinal hormone
Question 48.
Secretion of gastric juice is controlled by ………… [CPMT2002J
(a) Enterogesterone
(b) Cholecystokinin
(c) Gastrin
(d) Pepsin
Answer:
(c) Gastrin
Question 49.
Which one is wisdom teeth? [CPMT 2002]
(a) Third molar, four in number
(b) Third molar, two in number
(c) Second molar, four in number
(d) Second molar, two in number
Answer:
(a) Third molar, four in number
Question 50.
in humans, digestion is ………… [BHU 2002]
(a) Intercellular
(b) Intracellular
(c) Extracellular
(d) Both A and B
Answer:
(b) intracellular
Question 51.
Gall bladder takes part in ………… [RPMT 2002]
(a) Secretion of bile
(b) Storage of bile
(c) Formation of bile salts
(d) Formation of enzymes
Answer:
(b) Intracellular .
Question 51.
Gall bladder takes part in ………… [RPMT 2002]
(a) Secretion of bile
(b) Storage of bile
(c) Formation of bile salts
(d) Formation of enzymes
Answer:
(b) Storage of bile
Question 52.
Renin acts on milk protein and changes ………… [JIPMER 2002]
(a) Caesinogen into caesin
(b) Caesin into paracaesin
(c) Caesinogen into paracaesin
(d) Paracaesin into Caesinogen
Answer:
(a) Caesinogen into caesin
Question 53.
Glucose is stored in liver as ………… [AFMC 2003]
(a) Starch
(b) Glycogen
(c) Cellulose
(d) Sucrose
Answer:
(b) Glycogen
Question 54.
Absorption of glycerol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides takes place by …………
(a) Lymph vessels within villi
(b) Walls of stomach
(c) Colon
(d) Capillaries within villi
Answer:
(a) Lymph vessels within villi
Question 55.
Which ones are bile salts?
(a) Haemoglobin and biliverdin
(b) Bilirubin and biliverdin
(c) Bilirubin and Haemoglobin
(d) Sodium glycolate and taurocholate
Answer:
(d) Sodium glycolate and taurocholate
Question 56.
Ptyalin is inactivated by a component of gastric juice called ……………. [Har PMT 2003]
(a) Pepsin
(b) HCl
(c) Renin
(d) Mucus
Answer:
(b) HCl
Question 57.
Epithelial cells involved in the absorption of digested food have on their free surface ……………. [AIEEE 2003]
(a) Zymogen granules
(b) Pinocytic vesicles
(c) Phagocytic vesicles
(d) Microvilli
Answer:
(d) Microvilhi
Question 58.
The first step in the digestion of fat is …………… [BIIU 2003]
(a) Emulsification
(b) Enzyme action
(c) Absorption by lacteals
(d) Storage in adipose tissue
Answer:
(a) Emulsification
Question 59.
DNA-ase and RNA-ase are enzymes produced by …………… [BHU 2003]
(a) Salivary glands
(b) Pancreas
(c) Stomach
(d) Intestine
Answer:
(b) Pancreas
Question 60.
Carboxypeptidase is secreted by …………….
(a) Pancreas
(b) Stomach
(c) Salivary glands
(d) Intestine
Answer:
(a) Pancreas
Question 61.
Secretin and Cholecystokinin are digestive hormones. They are secreted in …………
(a) Pyloric stomach
(b) Duodenum
(c) Ileum
(d) Oesophagus
Answer:
(b) Duodenum
Question 62.
Crown of teeth is covered by ………… [AFMC 2005]
(a) Dentin
(b) Enamel
(c) (a) and (b) both
(d) None of these
Answer:
Question 63.
Both the crown and root of teeth are covered by a layer of a bony hard substance called ………… [J&K CET 2005]
(a) Enamel
(b) Dentin
(c) Bony socket
(d) Cementum
Answer:
(d) Cementum
Question 64.
Lysozymes are found in ………… [MPPMT 2004]
(a) Saliva
(b) Tears
(c) (a) and (b) both
(d) Mitochondria
Answer:
(c) (a) and (b) both
Question 65.
Which of the following is not present in pancreatic juice? [HPPMT 2005]
(a) Trypsinogen
(b) Chymotrypsin
(c) Parasitic
(d) lipase
Answer:
(c) Parasitic
Question 66.
Which of the following statement is not correct? [NEET 2015]
(a) Brunner’s glands are present in the submucosa of the stomach and secrete pepsinogen
(b) Goblet cells are present in the mucosa of the intestine and secrete mucus.
(c) Oxyntic cells are present in the mucosa of the stomach and secrete HCI.
(d) Acini are present in the pancreas and secrete carboxypeptidase.
Answer:
(a) Brunner’s glands are present in the submucosa of the stomach and secrete pepsinogen
Question 67.
Which hormones stimulate the production of pancreatic juice and bicarbonates? [NEET20I6]
(a) Cholecystokinin and secretin
(b) Insulin and glucagon
(c) Angiotensin and epinephrine
(d) Gaston and Insulin
Answer:
(a) Cholecystokinin and secretin
Question 68.
In the stomach, gastric acid is secreted by the ………… [AIPMT / NEET 2016]
(a) gastrin secreting cells
(b) parietal cells
(c) peptic cells
(d) acidic cells
Answer:
(b) parietal cells
Question 69.
The enzymes that are not present is succus entericus is ……………… [RE-A IPMTNEE T 2015]
(a) lipase
(b) maltase
(c) nucleases
(d) nucleosîdase
Answer:
(c) nucleases
Question 70.
Which of the following are not polymerase? [NEET 2017]
(a) Proteins
(b) Polysaccharides
(c) Lipids
(d) Nucleic acids
Answer:
(c) Lipids3
Question 71.
A baby aged two years is admitted to playschool and passes through a dental check-up. The dentist observed that the boy had twenty teeth. Which teeth were absent? [NEET 2017]
(a) Canines
(b) Pre-Molars
(c) Molars
(d) Incisors
Answer:
(b) Pre-Molars
Question 72.
Which cells of crypts of Leiberkuhn’ secrete antibacterial lysozyme? [NEET 2017]
(a) Paneth cells
(b) Zymase cells
(c) Kupfer cells
(d) Argentaffin cells
Answer:
(a) Paneth cells
Question 73.
The hepatic portal veins drain blood to the liver from ………… [NEET 2017]
(a) Stomach
(b) Kidneys
(c) Intestine
(d) Heart
Answer:
(c) Intestine
Question 74.
Which of the following options best represent the enzyme composition of pancreatic juice? [NEET2O17]
(a) Amylase, pepsin, trypsinogen, maltase
(b) Peptidase, Amylase, pepsin, renin
(c) Lipase, amylase, trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase
(d) Amylase, peptidase, trypsinogen, renin.
Answer:
(c) Lipase, amylase, trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase
Question 75.
Good vision depends on adequate intake of carotene-rich food. Select the best option from the following statements. [NEET 2017]
(a) Vitamin A derivatives are formed from carotene.
(b) The photopigments are embedded in the membrane discs of the inner segments.
(c) Retinal is a derivative of vitamin A
(d) Retinal is a light-absorbing part of all the visual photopigments.
OPTION
(a) a, c and d
(b) a and e.
(c) b, e, and d
(d) a and b
Answer:
(a) a, c and d
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology Digestion and Absorption Additional Questions & Answers
I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct Answer
Question 1.
Which of the following is the last phase of the process of digestion?
(a) ingestion
(b) assimilation
(c) eqestion
(d) digestion
Answer:
(c) eqestion
Question 2.
Which of the following teeth are the cutting teeth?
(a) incisors
(b) canines
(c) premolars
(d) molars
Answer:
(a) incisors
Question 3.
Plague formed on the teeth is mineral salts of ……………..
(a) sodium
(b) magnesium and manganese
(c) potassium
(d) calcium and magnesium
Answer:
(d) calcium and magnesium
Question 4.
Which muscle regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach?
(a) pyloric sphincter
(b) cardiac sphincter
(c) anal sphincter
(d) epiglottis
Answer:
(a) pyloric sphincter
Question 5.
The ‘V’ shaped part of the small intestine is …………
(a) ileum
(b) jejunum
(c) duodenum
(d) colon
Answer:
(c) duodenum
Question 6.
…………….. is the longest part of the small intestine
(a) Ileum
(b) Jejunum
(c) Duodenum
(d) Rectum
Answer:
(a) Ileum
Question 7.
Villi are concerned with
(a) secretion of enzymes
(b) secretion of mucus
(c) digestion of food
(d) absorption of digested food
Answer:
(d) absorption of digested food.
Question 8.
Peyer’s patches produce
(a) monocytes
(b) lymphocytes
(c) basophils
(d) neutrophils
Answer:
(b) lymphocytes
Question 9.
Which of the following are non-functional in human beings?
(a) Small intestine
(b) Duodenum
(c) lleum
(d) Vermiform appendix
Answer:
(d) Vermiform Appendix
Question 10.
…………… is formed of loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood, lymph vessels and sympathetic nerve fibres that control the secretions of intestinal juice.
(a) Serosa
(b) Sub-mucosa
(c) Mucosa
(d) Muscularis
(b) Sub-mucosa
Question 11.
………… secrete HCl in the stomach.
(a) Peptic cells
(b) Goblet cells
(c) Oxyntic cells
(d) Zymogen cells
Answer:
(c) Oxyntic cells
Question 12.
…………. stores bile secreted by the liver.
(a) Pancreatic duct
(b) Duodenum
(c) Hepatic duct
(d) Gall bladder
Answer:
(d) Gall bladder
Question 13.
Detoxification is one of the functions of –
(a) small intestine
(b) liver
(c) pancreas
(d) stomach
Answer:
(b) liver
Question 14.
Which is the antibacterial agent present in the saliva?
(a) Ptyalin
(b) Mucus
(c) Lysozyme
(d) Bicarbonates
Answer:
(c) Lysozyme
Question 15.
Salivary amylase hydrolyses …………
(a) proteins
(b) carbohydrate
(c) fats
(d) vitamins
Answer:
(b) carbohydrate
Question 16.
Pepsin is an enzyme ………….
(a) amylolytic
(b) lipolytic
(c) proteolytic
(d) proenzyme
Answer:
(c) proteolytic
Question 17.
Which enzyme acts on milk protein in infants in the presence of calcium ions?
(a) Pepsin
(b) Chymotrypsin
(c) Lipase
(d) Renin
Answer:
(d) Renin
Question 18.
Which is the active enzyme?
(a) Pepsinogen
(b) Trypsin
(c) Trypsinogen
(d) Chymotrypsinogen
Answer:
(b) Trypsin
Question 19.
What are the breakdown products of haemoglobin?
(a) Bile salts
(b) Bilirubin and biliverdin
(c) Phospholipids
(d) Cholesterol
Answer:
(d) Cholesterol
Question 20.
Which of the following does not contain any enzyme?
(a) Gastric juice
(b) Bile
(c) Pancreatic juice
(d) Succus entericus
Answer:
(b) Bile
Question 21.
Identify the odd one ……….
(a) maltose
(b) lactose
(c) sucrose
(d) sucrase
Answer:
(d) sucrase
Question 22.
At the end of digestion, fats are converted into ………..
(a) amino acids
(b) glycerol and fatty acids
(c) glucose
(d) galactose
Answer:
(b) glycerol and fatty acids
Question 23.
Protein coated fat globules are called …………
(a) micelles
(b) villi
(c) microvilli
(d) chylomicrons
Answer:
(d) chylomicrons
Question 24.
The calorific value of carbohydrates is ………….
(a) 9.45
(b) 4.1
(c) 3.5
(d) 6.5
Answer:
(b) 4.1
Question 25.
Retaining feces in the rectum due to poor intake of fibre in the diet is called ………..
(a) vomiting
(b) indigestion
(c) constipation
(d) diarrhea
Answer:
(c) constipation
Question 26.
Which one of the following occurs due to reverse peristalsis?
(a) Vomiting
(b) Diarrhoea
(c) Constipation
(d) Indigestion
Answer:
(a) Vomiting
Question 27.
The failure of the liver to break down haemoglobin is called……………….
(a) gall stone
(b) jaundice
(c) appendicitis
(d) hernia
Answer:
(c) appendicitis
Question 28.
Degeneration and destruction of liver cells resulting in an abnormal blood vessel and bile duct leading to the formation of fibrosis are known as ………………
(a) gall stones
(b) jaundice
(c) hernia
(d) liver cirrhosis
Answer:
(d) liver cirrhosis
Question 29.
What causes obstruction in the cystic duct, hepatic duct, and hepato-pancreatic duct?
(a) Gall stones
(b) Jaundice
(c) Hernia
(d) Liver cirrhosis
Answer:
(a) Gall stones
Question 30.
Appendicitis is the inflammation of the ……………..
(a) caecum
(b) liver
(c) appendix
(d) rectum
Answer:
(c) appendix
Question 31.
Diarrhea happens due to ……………….
(a) taking in of more volume of water
(b) defective liver
(c) inflammation of the appendix
(d) the inability of the colon to absorb fluid from the feces
Answer:
(d) the inability of the colon to absorb fluid from the feces
Question 32.
The erosion of the mucosa in the stomach or duodenum is referred to as ……………….
(a) stomach ache
(b) peptic ulcer
(c) duodenal cancer
(d) diarrhea
Answer:
(b) peptic ulcer
Question 33.
The storage of excess body fat in adipose tissue is ……………
(a) peptic ulcer
(b) kwashiorkor
(c) jaundice
(d) obesity
Answer:
(d) obesity
II. Fill in the Blanks.
Question 1.
Breakdown of macromolecules of food into micromolecules is ………….
Answer:
Digestion.
Question 2.
The tearing teeth are called as ……………….
Answer:
Canines
Question 3.
The deposition of calcium and magnesium salts on the teeth forms a hard layer called ……………..
Answer:
Tartar/calculus/plaque.
Question 4.
The oral cavity leads into a short common passage for food and air called ____________
Answer:
Pharynx.
Question 5.
Two masses of lymphoid tissues called are located at the sides of the pharynx.
Answer:
Tonsils.
Question 6.
The opening of the stomach into the duodenum is guarded by the ……………
Answer:
Pyloric sphincter.
Question 7.
The inner wall of the stomach has many folds called which unfold to accommodate a large meal.
Answer:
Gastric rugae.
Question 8.
The wall of the duodenum has glands which secrete mucus and enzymes.
Answer:
Brunner’s.
Question 9.
The ileal mucosa has numerous vascular projections called …………..
Answer:
Villi.
Question 10
are the mucus-secreting goblet cells and lymphoid tissue which produce lymphocytes.
Answer:
Peyer‘s patches.
Question 11.
The wall of the small intestine bears crypts between the base of the villi called …………….
Answer:
Crypts of Leiberkuhn.
Question 12.
Caecum and vermiform appendix are an important sites for digestion in herbivores.
Answer:
Cellulose.
Question 13.
The dilations of the colon are called ……………..
Answer:
Haustra
Question 14.
The enlargement of the anal column causes …………..
Answer:
Piles/hemorrhoids
Question 15
………. is the outermost layer of the wall of the alimentary canal.
Answer:
Serosa.
Question 16.
The enzyme secreting cells of gastric glands are called cells.
Answer:
Peptic or zymogen.
Question 17.
The cells secrete HCl in the stomach.
Answer:
Parietal or oxyntic.
Question 18.
The is the largest gland in our body.
Answer:
Liver.
Question 19.
Each lobe of the liver is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the ……………
Answer:
Glisson’s capsule.
Question 20.
The detoxifies toxic substances.
Answer:
Liver.
Question 21.
The opening of the hepato-pancreatic duct into the duodenum is guarded by a sphincter called the sphincter of
Answer:
Oddi.
Question 22
____ gland is both exocrine and endocrine.
Answer:
Pancreas.
Question 23.
The successive waves of muscular contraction by which bolus passes down through the oesophagus are called __________
Answer:
Peristalsis.
Question 24
activates pepsinogen.
Answer:
HCl.
Question 25.
Renin converts caseinogen into casein in the presence of ions.
Answer:
Calcium.
Question 26
activates trypsinogen.
Answer:
Enterokinase.
Question 27.
Trypsin hydrolyses proteins into polypeptides and
Answer:
Peptones.
Question 28.
mucosa into the blood and lymph.
Answer:
Absorption.
Question 30.
The chylomicrons are transported within the intestinal villi.
Answer:
Lacteals.
Question 31.
The large intestine absorbs more amount of vitamins, some minerals, and certain drugs.
Answer:
Water.
Question 32.
The eqestion of feces through the anal opening is called ……………..
Answer:
Defecation
Question 33
_____________ are the major source of cellular fuel which provides energy.
Answer:
Carbohydrates.
Question 34
_________ are the best-reserved food stored in our body?
Answer:
Lipids.
Question 35.
Marasmus is a deficiency disease.
Answer:
Protein.
Question 36
is the digestive disorder in which the food is not properly digested leading to a feeling of fullness of the stomach.
Answer:
Indigestion.
Question 37
is caused due to hepatitis viral infection.
Answer:
Jaundice.
Question 38.
The crystallized cholesterol in the bile forms …………….
Answer:
Gall stones.
Question 39
…………. is a structural abnormality in which the superior part of the stomach protrudes slightly
Answer:
Hiatus hernia.
Question 40.
Treatment for diarrhoea is known as therapy.
Answer:
Oral hydration.
Question 41
refers to an eroded area of the tissue lining in the stomach or duodenum.
Answer:
Peptic ulcer.
Question 42.
The ulcer is mostly due to infection caused by the bacterium
Answer
Helicobacter pylori.
Question 43
…………… is caused due to the storage of excess body fat in adipose tissue.
Answer:
Obesity.
III. Answer the following Questions
Question 1.
What is the use of bicarbonate in saliva?
Answer:
- The bicarbonate of saliva keeps the pH at 5.8 – 7.4 level.
- If the pH level decreases the acidity of saliva increases the enamel of teeth is affected.
Question 2.
What are the components of food?
Answer:
The components of food are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, fibre, and water.
Question 3.
What is the composition of bile?
Answer:
Bilirubin, Biliverdin, bile salts cholesterol phospholipid.
Question 4.
Why do plants not require a digestive system?
Answer:
Plants are autotrophs. They prepare their own food using CO2, H2O in the presence of sunlight trapped by the chlorophyll pigment present in the leaves. There is no need for the digestive system for plants as they use starch as such.
Question 5.
How is bile helped in the absorption of fat?
Answer:
- The villiin the lumen of illem are the absorbing units consisting of a lacteal duct.
- The fatty acids are absorbed by the capillaries of villi.
Question 6.
Define:
(a) Ingestion: The taking in of food is called ingestion.
(b) Digestion: The breakdown of the macromolecules into micromolecules by the action of digestive enzymes is called digestion.
(c) Absorption: The taking in of digested food materials into the bloodstream is called absorption.
(d) Assimilation: The conversion of absorbed food materials into components of cells is called assimilation.
(e) Egestion: The elimination of the undigested substances from the body is called egestion.
Question 7.
What is the thecodont dentition?
Answer:
Every tooth in human beings is embedded in a socket in the jaw bone. This type of attachment is called the thecodont dentition.
Question 8.
Why do we feel uneasy when we eat milk and milk product?
Answer:
- To digest the lactose of milk the enzyme lactase is needed.
- If this enzyme is absent or deficient in the intestine the lactose may be decomposed by bacteria and releases gas.
- Hence there may be bloating stomach cramps and diarrhea.
Question 9.
What is heterodont dentition?
Answer:
Human beings have four different types of teeth namely incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. This is known as heterodont dentition.
Question 10.
For what findings of Robin Warren and Barry marshall got nob el prize for the year 2005?
Answer:
Robin Warren and Barry Marshall have discovered that Helicobacter pylon is the causative agent of peptic ulcers. For the findings, they were awarded a noble prize in the year 2005.
Question 11.
What is gingivitis?
Answer:
Mineral salts like calcium and magnesium are deposited on the teeth and form a hard layer of ‘tartar’ or calculus called plaque. If the plaque formed on teeth is not removed regularly, it would spread down the tooth into the narrow gap between the gums and enamel and causes inflammation, called gingivitis, which leads to redness and bleeding of the gums and to bad smell.
Question 12.
What is enamel?
Answer:
The hard chewing surface of the teeth is made of enamel and helps in the mastication of food.
Question 13.
What is succus entericus? Write about its role in digestion.
Answer:
- The Brunner’s glands and the intestinal glands all together secrete a juice known as succus entricus.
- The intestinal and pancreatic enzymes are involved in digestion. Eg. Lipase amylase
Question 14.
What is the function of the cardiac sphincter?
Answer:
A cardiac sphincter or gastroesophageal sphincter regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach.
Question 15.
Give short notes on bacterias present in the body of man?
Answer:
- There are 100 million bacteria present in the body of a man.
- In our digestive system, there are beneficial bacteria, harmful bacteria, and neutral bacteria are seen.
- Most of the bacteria are present in our large intestine. Here only the digestion ends.
Question 16.
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
Answer:
The opening of the stomach into the duodenum is guarded by the pyloric sphincter. It periodically allows partially digested food to enter the duodenum and also prevents regurgitation of food.
Question 17.
What is meant by assimilation?
answer:
All the body tissues utilize the absorbed substances for their activities and incorporate in into their protoplasm this process is called assimilation.
Question 18.
Write a short note on the small intestine.
Answer:
The small intestine assists in the final digestion and absorption of food. It is the longest part of the alimentary canal and has three regions, a ‘U’ shaped duodenum (25 cm long), a long coiled middle portion jejunum (2.4m long), and highly coiled ileum (3.5 m long).
The wall of the duodenum has Brunner’s glands which secrete mucus and enzymes. The ileum is the longest part of the small intestine and opens into the caecum of the large intestine.
The ileal mucosa has numerous vascular projections called villi which are involved in the process of absorption and the cells lining the villi produce numerous microscopic projections called microvilli giving a brush border appearance that increases the surface area enormously.
Along with Villi, the ileal mucosa also contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and lymphoid tissue known as Peyer’s patches which produce lymphocytes. The wall of the small intestine bears crypts between the base of villi called the crypts of Leiberkuhn.
Question 19.
Explain the structure of the large intestine.
Answer:
The large intestine consists of the caecum, colon, and rectum. The caecum is a small blind pouch-like structure that opens into the colon and it possesses a narrow finger-like tubular projection called the vermiform appendix.
Both caecum and vermiform appendix are large in herbivorous animals and act as an important site for cellulose digestion with the help of symbiotic bacteria. The colon is divided into four regions – an ascending, a transverse, a descending part, and a sigmoid colon.
The colon is lined by dilations called haustra (singular – haustrum) (Figure). The “S” shaped sigmoid colon (pelvic colon) opens into the rectum. Rectum is concerned with temporary storage of feces. The rectum open out through the anus. The anus is guarded by two anal sphincter muscles. The anal mucosa is folded into several vertical folds and contains arteries and veins called anal columns. Anal column may get enlarged and causes piles or haemorrhoids.
Question 20.
Explain the internal structure of the gut.
Answer:
The wall of the alimentary canal from oesophagus to rectum consists of four layers (Figure) namely serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa and mucosa. The serosa (visceral peritoneum) is the outermost layer and is made up of thin squamous epithelium with some connective tissues. Muscularis is made of smooth circular and longitudinal muscle fibres with a network of nerve cells and parasympathetic nerve fibres which controls peristalsis.
The submucosal layer is formed of loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood, lymph vessels and the sympathetic nerve fibres that control the secretions of intestinal juice. The innermost layer lining the lumen of the alimentary canal is the mucosa which secretes mucous.
Question 21.
Explain the salivary glands.
Answer:
There are three pairs of salivary glands in the mouth. They are the largest parotids gland in the cheeks, the sub-maxillary sub-mandibular in the lower jaw, and the sublingual beneath the tongue. These glands have ducts such as Stenson’s duct, Wharton’s duct, and Bartholin’s duct or duct of Rivinis respectively (Figure). The salivary juice secreted by the salivary glands reaches the mouth through these ducts. The daily secretion of saliva from salivary glands ranges from 1000 to 1500 mL.
Question 22.
Write a short note on gastric glands.
Answer:
The wall of the stomach is lined by gastric glands. Chief cells or peptic cells or zymogen cells in the gastric glands secrete gastric enzymes and Goblet cells secrete mucus. The Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete HCl and an intrinsic factor responsible for the absorption of Vitamin B12 called Castle’s intrinsic factor.
Question 23.
Explain the structure of the liver.
Answer:
The liver, the largest gland in our body, is situated in the upper right side of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm. The liver consists of two major left and right lobes; and two minor lobes. These lobes are connected with diaphragm. Each lobe has many hepatic lobules (functional unit of liver) and is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the Glisson’s capsule.
Liver cells (hepatic cells) secrete bile which is stored and concentrated in a thin muscular sac called the gall bladder. The duct of gall bladder (cystic duct) along with the hepatic duct from the liver forms the common bile duct.
The bile duct passes downwards and joins with the main pancreatic duct to form a common duct called the hepato-pancreatic duct. The opening of the hepato-pancreatic duct into the duodenum is guarded by a sphincter called the sphincter of Oddi (Figure). Liver has high power of regeneration and liver cells are replaced by new ones every 3-4 weeks.
Question 24.
Write the functions of the liver.
Answer:
Apart from bile secretion, the liver also performs several functions.
- Destroys aging and defective blood cells.
- Stores glucose in the form of glycogen or disperses glucose into the bloodstream with the help of
- pancreatic hormones.
- Stores fat-soluble vitamins and iron.
- Detoxifies toxic substances.
- Involves in the synthesis of non-essential amino acids and urea.
Question 25.
Write on the secretions of the pancreas.
Answer:
The second-largest gland in the digestive system is the Pancreas, which is a yellow coloured, compound elongated organ consisting of exocrine and endocrine cells. It is situated between the limbs of the ‘U’ shaped duodenum.
The exocrine portion secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes such as pancreatic amylase, trypsin and pancreatic lipase and the endocrine part called Islets of Langerhans secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon. The pancreatic duct directly opens into the duodenum.
Question 26.
Explain the digestion in the buccal cavity.
Answer:
The smell, sight, and taste as well as the mechanical stimulation of food in the mouth, triggers a reflex action which results in the secretion of saliva. Mechanical digestion starts in the mouth by grinding and chewing food. It is called mastication.
The saliva contains water, electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl– and HCO3), salivary amylase (ptyalin), antibacterial agent lysozyme, and a lubricating agent mucus (a glycoprotein). The mucus in saliva prepares the food for swallowing by moistening, softening, lubricating, and adhering the masticated food into a bolus.
About 30 percent of polysaccharides, starch is hydrolyzed by the salivary amylase enzyme into disaccharides (maltose). The bolus is then passed into the pharynx and then into the oesophagus by swallowing or deglutition. The bolus further passes down through the oesophagus to the stomach by successive waves of muscular contraction called peristalsis. The gastro oesophageal sphincter controls the passage of food into the stomach.
Question 27.
Explain the digestion in the stomach.
Answer:
Food remains in the stomach for 4 to 5 hours, the rhythmic peristaltic movement chums and mixes the food with gastric juice and make it into a creamy liquid called chyme. The gastric secretion is partly controlled by autonomic reflexes.
The secretion of gastric juice begins when the food is in the mouth. The gastric juice contains HCl and proenzymes. The proenzyme pepsinogen, on exposure to HCl gets converted into the active enzyme pepsin which converts proteins into proteoses and peptones (peptides).
The HCl provides an acidic medium (pH 1.8) which is optimum for pepsin, kills bacteria and other harmful organisms and avoids putrifaction. The mucus and bicarbonates present in the gastric juice play an important role in lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium from the eroding nature of the highly acidic HCl (Figure). Another proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice of infants is renin which helps in the digestion of milk protein, caseinogen to casein in the presence of calcium ions. This enzyme secretion gradually reduces with aging.
Question 28.
Explain the digestion in the small intestine.
Answer:
The bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice are the secretions released into the small intestine. Movements generated by the muscular layer of the small intestine helps in the thorough mixing of the food with various secretions in the intestine and thereby facilitate digestion.
The pancreatic juice contains enzymes such as trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidases, pancreatic analyses, pancreatic lipases and nucleases. Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme, enterokinase, secreted by the intestinal mucosa into active trypsin, which in turn activates the enzyme chymotrypsinogen in the pancreatic juice.
The bile contains bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin) as the breakdown products of hemoglobin of dead RBCs, bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids but has no enzymes. Bile helps in the emulsification of fats. Bile salts reduce the surface tension of fat droplets and break them into small globules. Bile also activates lipases to digest lipids.
Proteins and partially digested proteins in the chyme on reaching the intestine are acted upon by the proteolytic enzymes of pancreatic juice. Trypsin hydrolyses proteins into polypeptides and peptones, while chymotrypsin hydrolyses peptide bonds associated with specific amino acids. The pancreatic amylase converts glycogen and starch into maltose.
Lipase acts on emulsified fat (triglycerides) and hydrolyses them into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Monoglycerides are further hydrolysed to fatty acid and glycerol. Nucleases in the pancreatic juice break the nucleic acid into nucleotides and nucleosides.
The secretions of the Brunner’s gland along with the secretions of the intestinal glands constitute the intestinal juice or succus entericus. The enzymes in the intestinal juice such as maltase, lactase, sucrase (invertase), dipeptidases, lipases, nucleosidases act on the breakdown products of bile and pancreatic digestion.
The mucus along with the bicarbonate ions from the pancreas provides an alkaline medium (pH 7.8) for the enzymatic action. As a result of digestion, all macromolecules of food are converted into their corresponding monomeric units.
Question 29.
Explain the process of absorption of the digested food.
Answer:
Absorption is a process by which the end product of digestion passes through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and lymph. The villi in the lumen of the ileum are the absorbing units, consisting of a lacteal duct in the middle surrounded by fine network of blood capillaries. The process of absorption involves active, passive, and facilitated transport.
Small amounts of glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes like chloride ions are generally absorbed by simple diffusion. The passage of these substances into the blood depends upon concentration gradients. However, some of the substances like fructose are absorbed with the help of the carrier ions like Na+.
This mechanism is called facilitated transport. Nutrients like amino acids, glucose, and electrolytes like Na+ are absorbed into the blood against the concentration gradient by active transport. The insoluble substances like fatty acids, glycerol, and fat-soluble vitamins are first incorporated into small, spherical water-soluble droplets called micelles and are absorbed into the intestinal mucosa where they are re-synthesized into protein-coated fat globules called chylomicrons which are then transported into the lacteals within the intestinal villi and eventually empty into the lymphatic duct.
The lymphatic ducts ultimately release the absorbed substances into the bloodstream. While the fatty acids are absorbed by the lymph duct, other materials are absorbed either actively or passively by the capillaries of the villi (Figure). Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by simple diffusion or active transport. Transport of water depends upon the osmotic gradient. The absorption of substances in the alimentary canal takes place in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
However maximum absorption takes place in the small intestine. Absorption of simple sugars, alcohol, and medicines takes place in the stomach. Certain drugs are absorbed by blood capillaries in the lower side of the tongue and mucosa of the mouth. Large intestine is also involved in the absorption of more amounts of water, vitamins, some minerals, and certain drugs.
Question 30.
Write a note on assimilation.
Answer:
Absorbed substances are transported through blood and lymph to the liver through the hepatic portal system. From the liver, nutrients are transported to all other regions of the body for utilization. All the body tissues utilize the absorbed substance for their activities and incorporate into their protoplasm, this process is called assimilation.
Question 31.
Write a paragraph on egestion.
Answer:
The digestive waste and unabsorbed substances in the ileum enter into the large intestine and it mostly contains fibre called roughage. The roughage is utilized by symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine for the production of substances like vitamin K and other metabolites. All these substances are absorbed in the colon along with water.
The waste is then solidified into the fecal matter in the rectum. The fecal matter initiates a neural reflex causing an urge or desire for its removal. The egestion of feces through the anal opening is called defecation. It is a voluntary process and is carried out by a peristaltic movement.
Question 32.
Write on carbohydrates and lipids.
Answer:
Carbohydrates are sugar and starch. These are the major source of cellular fuel which provides energy. The caloric value of carbohydrate is 4.1 calories per gram and its physiological fuel value is 4 Kcal per gram. Lipids are fats and derivatives of fats, are also the best-reserved food stored in our body which is used for production of energy. Fat has a caloric value of 9.45 Kcal and a physiological fuel value of 9 Kcal per gram.
Question 33.
Write a paragraph on proteins.
Answer:
Proteins are a source of amino acids required for the growth and repair of body cells. They are stored in the body only to a certain extent; large quantities are excreted as nitrogenous waste. The caloric value and physiological fuel value of one gram of protein are 5.65 Kcal and 4 Kcal respectively. According to ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) and WHO (World Health Organization), the daily requirement of protein for an average Indian is 1 gm per 1 kg body weight.
Question 34.
What is Sphincter of Oddi?
Answer:
- Liver cells secrete bile which is stored and concentrated in a thin muscular sac called the gall bladder.
- The duct of the gall bladder (cystic duct) along with the hepatic duct from the liver forms the common bile duct.
- The bile duct passes downwards and joins with the main pancreatic duct to form a common duct called the hepatopancreatic duct.
- The opening of the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum is guarded by a Sphincter called the Sphincter of Oddi.
Question 35.
What is peritonitis?
Answer:
- It is the inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Leading to serve abdominal pain.
- The treatment involves the removal of appendix by surgery.
- If the treatment is delayed the appendix may rupture and results in an infection of the abdomen called peritonitis.
Question 36.
What is constipation?
Answer:
In this condition, the feces are retained within the rectum because of irregular bowel movement due to poor intake of fibre in the diet and lack of physical activities.
Question 37.
What is vomiting?
Answer:
It is reverse peristalsis. Harmful substances and contaminated food from the stomach are ejected through the mouth. This action is controlled by the vomit center located in the medulla oblongata. A feeling of nausea precedes vomiting.
Question 38.
Write a short note on jaundice.
Answer:
It is the condition in which liver is affected and the defective liver fails to break down haemoglobin and to remove bile pigments from the blood. The deposition of these pigments changes the colour of the eye and skin yellow. Sometimes, jaundice is caused due to hepatitis viral infections.
Question 39.
Write a short note on liver cirrhosis.
Answer:
Chronic disease of the liver results in degeneration and destruction of liver cells resulting in an abnormal blood vessel and bile duct leading to the formation of fibrosis. It is also called deserted liver or scarred liver. It is caused due to infection, consumption of poison, malnutrition, and alcoholism.
Question 40.
Write a short note on gall stones.
Answer:
Any alteration in the composition of the bile can cause the formation of stones in the gall bladder. The stones are mostly formed of crystallized cholesterol in the bile. The gall stone causes obstruction in the cystic duct, hepatic duct, and also hepato-pancreatic duct causing pain, jaundice, and pancreatitis.
Question 41.
What is appendicitis?
Answer:
It is the inflammation of the vermiform appendix, leading to severe abdominal pain. The treatment involves the removal of the appendix by surgery. If treatment is delayed the appendix may rupture and results in infection of the abdomen, called peritonitis.
Question 42.
Give short notes on the pharynx.
Answer:
- The oral cavity leads into a common passage for food and air is called the pharynx.
- The oesophagus and the trachea open to the pharynx.
- Food passes into the oesophagus through a wide opening called a gullet at the back of the pharynx.
- A cartilaginous flap called epiglottis prevents the entry of food into the glottis during swallowing.
- Two masses of lymphoid tissue called tonsils are also located at the sides of the pharynx.
Heart bum is also common in those with a hiatus hernia. In this condition, stomach contents travel back into the oesophagus or even into the oral cavity and cause pain in the center of the chest due to the eroding nature of acidity.
Question 43.
Write a short note on diarrhea.
Answer:
It is the most common gastrointestinal disorder worldwide. It is sometimes caused by bacteria or viral infections through food or water. When the colon is infected, the lining of the intestine is damaged by the pathogens, thereby the colon is unable to absorb fluid.
The abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of the fecal discharge is known as diarrhoea. Unless the condition is treated, dehydration can occur. Treatment is known as oral hydration therapy. This involves drinking plenty of fluids – sipping small amounts of water at a time to rehydrate the body.
Question 44.
Give an account of the histology of the gut.
Answer:
The wall of the alimentary canal from oesophagus to the rectum consists of four layers.
1. Serosa Layer:
It is the outermost layer and is made up of thin squamous epithelium.
2. Muscular Layer:
It is made of smooth circular and longitudinal muscle fibres with a network of nerve cells of parasympathetic nerve fibers.
3. Submucosal Layer:
It is formed of loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood, lymph, and sympathetic nerve fibers that control the secretions of intestinal juice.
4. Mucosa Layer:
It is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal which secretes mucous.
Question 45.
What is obesity?
Answer:
It is caused due to the storage of excess of body fat in adipose tissue. It may induce hypertension, atherosclerotic heart disease, and diabetes. Obesity may be genetic or due to excess intake of food, endocrine, and metabolic disorders.
Question 46.
Write a note on BMI.
Answer:
Degree of obesity is assessed by body mass index (BMI). A normal BMI range for adults is 19 – 25; above 25 is considered as obese. BMI is calculated as body weight in Kg, divided by the square of body height in meters. For example, a 50 Kg person with a height of 160 cm would have a BMI of 19.5.
That is BMI = 50 / 1.62= 19.5