Samacheer Kalvi 12th Physics Solutions Chapter 3 Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Physics Solutions Chapter 3 Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Physics Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Textual Evaluation Solved

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Physics Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Multiple Choice Questions   

Question 1.
The magnetic field at the center O of the following current loop is-


Answer:

Question 2.
An electron moves straight inside a charged parallel plate capacitor of uniform charge density σ The time taken by the electron to cross the parallel plate capacitor when the plates of the capacitor are kept under constant magnetic field of induction \(\vec { B } \) is-


Answer:

Question 3.
The force experienced by a particle having mass m and charge q accelerated through a potential difference V when it is kept under perpendicular magnetic field \(\vec { B } \) is-

Answer:

Question 4.
A circular coil of radius 5 cm and 50 turns carries a current of 3 ampere. The magnetic dipole moment of the coil is-
(a) 1.0 amp – m²
(b) 1.2 amp – m²
(c) 0.5 amp – m²
(d) 0.8 amp – m²
Answer:
(b) 1.2 amp – m²

Question 5.
A thin insulated wire forms a plane spiral of N = 100 tight turns carrying a current 1 = 8 m A (milli ampere). The radii of inside and outside turns are a = 50 mm and b = 100 mm respectively. The magnetic induction at the center of the spiral is
(a) 5 μT
(b) 7 μT
(c) 8 μT
(d) 10 μT
Answer:
(b) 7 μT

Question 6.
Three wires of equal lengths are bent in the form of loops. One of the loops is circle, another is a semi-circle and the third one is a square. They are placed in a uniform magnetic field and same electric current is passed through them. Which of the following loop configuration will experience greater torque ?
(a) circle
(b) semi-circle
(c) square
(d) all of them
Answer:
(a) circle

Question 7.
Two identical coils, each with N turns and radius R are placed coaxially at a distance R as shown in the figure. If I is the current passing through the loops in the same direction, then the magnetic field at a point P which is at exactly at \(\frac { R }{ 2 }\) distance between two coils is-


Answer:

Question 8.
A wire of length l carries a current I along the Y direction and magnetic field is given by \(\vec { B } \) = \(\frac { β }{ √3 }\) \((\hat{i}+\hat{j}+\hat{k})\). The magnitude of Lorentz force acting on the wire is-

Answer:

Question 9.
A bar magnet of length l and magnetic moment M is bent in the form of an arc as shown in figure. The new magnetic dipole moment will be- (NEET 2014)

(a) M
(b) \(\frac { π }{ 3 }\) M
(c) \(\frac { 2 }{ π }\) M
(d) \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) M
Answer:
(b) \(\frac { π }{ 3 }\) M

Question 10.
A non-conducting charged ring of charge q, mass m and radius r is rotated with constant angular speed ω. Find the ratio of its magnetic moment with angular momentum is
(a) \(\frac { q }{ m }\) M
(b) \(\frac { 2q }{ 3 }\) M
(c) \(\frac { q }{ 2m }\) M
(d) \(\frac { q }{ 4m }\) M
Answer:
(c) \(\frac { q }{ 2m }\) M

Question 11.
The B_H curve for a ferromagnetic material is shown in the figure. The material is placed inside a long solenoid which contains 1000 turns/ cm. The current that should be passed in the solenoid to demagnetize the ferromagnet completely is-

(a) 1.00 m A(milli ampere)
(b) 1.25 mA
(c) 1.50 mA
(d) 1.75 mA
Answer:
(b) 1.25 mA

Question 12.
Two short bar magnets have magnetic moments 1.20 Am² and 1.00 Am²respectively. They are kept on a horizontal table parallel to each other with their north poles pointing towards the south. They have a common magnetic equator and are separated by a distance of 20.0 cm. The value of the resultant horizontal magnetic induction at the mid-point O of the line joining their centers is (Horizontal components of Earth’s magnetic induction is 3.6 x 10^-5 Wb m^-2) (NSEP 2000-2001)
(a) 3.60 x 10^-5 Wb m^-1
(b) 3.5 x 10^-5 Wb m^-1
(c) 2.56 x 10^-4 Wb m^-1
(d) 2.2 x 10^-4 Wb m^-1
Answer:
(c) 2.56 x 10^-4 Wb m^-1

Question 13.
The vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field at a place is equal to the horizontal component. What is the value of angle of dip at this place?
(a) 30°
(b) 45°
(c) 60°
(d) 90°
Answer:
(b) 45°

Question 14.
A flat dielectric disc of radius R carries an excess charge on its surface. The surface charge density is σ. The disc rotates about an a × is perpendicular to its plane passing through the center with angular velocity ω. Find the magnitude of the torque on the disc if it is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose strength is B which is directed perpendicular to the a × is of rotation
(a) \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) σωπ BR
(b) \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) σωπ BR²
(c) \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) σωπ BR³
(d) \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) σωπ BR⁴
Answer:
(d) \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) σωπ BR⁴

Question 15.
A simple pendulum with charged bob is oscillating with time period T and let θ be the angular displacement. If the uniform magnetic field is switched ON in a direction perpendicular to the plane of oscillation then-
(a) time period will decrease but θ will remain constant
(b) time period remain constant but θ will decrease
(c) both T and θ will remain the same
(d) both T and θ will decrease
Answer:
(c) both T and θ will remain the same

Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by magnetic induction?
Answer:

1. The process by which an object or material is magnetized by an external magnetic field.
2. S.I unit of magnetic induction is the tesla (T) or Wbm^-2
3. Dimensional Formula is MT²A^-1

Question 2.
Define magnetic flux.
Answer:
The number of magnetic field lines crossing per unit area is called magnetic flux B.
Φ_B = \(\vec { B } \) .\(\vec { A } \) = BA cos θ = B ⊥ A

Question 3.
Define magnetic dipole moment.
Answer:

1. The product of the pole strength and magnetic length.
2. It is a vector quantity, denoted by \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{m}}\) ;
   \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{m}}=\overrightarrow{\mathrm{q}}_{\mathrm{m}} \overrightarrow{\mathrm{d}}\)
3. The magnitude of magnetic dipole moment P_m = 2q_ml

Question 4.
State Coulomb’s inverse law.
Answer:
The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is directly proportional to the product of their pole strengths and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
\(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{F}} \propto \frac{q_{m_{\mathrm{A}}} q_{m_{b}}}{r^{2}} \hat{r}\)

Question 5.
What is magnetic susceptibility?
Answer:

1. The ratio of the intensity of magnetisation \((\overrightarrow{\mathrm{M}})\) induced in the material due to the magnetising field \((\overrightarrow{\mathrm{H}})\)
2. \(\mathrm{X}_{\mathrm{m}}=\frac{|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{M}}|}{|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{H}}|}\)
3. It is a dimensionless quantity.
4. Isotropic medium – Scalar, Non-isotropic medium – vector.

Question 6.
State Biot-Savart’s law.
Answer:
The magnitude of magnetic field d\(\vec { B } \) at a point P at a distance r from the small elemental length taken on a conductor carrying current varies-

• directly as the strength of the current I
• directly as the magnitude of the length element \(\vec { dl } \)
• directly as the sine of the angle (say θ) between \(\vec { dl } \) and \(\hat{r}\) .
• inversely as the square of the distance between the point P and length element \(\vec { dl } \).
• This is expressed as \(d \mathrm{B} \propto \frac{\mathrm{I} d l}{r^{2}} \sin \theta\)

Question 7.
What is magnetic permeability?
Answer:

1. The measure of the ability of the material to allow the passage of magnetic field lines through it. (or)
2. The measure of the capacity of the substance to take magnetisation. (or)
3. The degree of penetration of the magnetic field through the substance.

Question 8.
State Ampere’s circuital law.
Answer:
The line integral of magnetic field over a closed-loop is µ₀ times net current enclosed by the loop.

Question 9.
Compare dia, para and ferromagnetism.
Answer:

Question 10.
What is meant by hysteresis?
Answer:

1. Lagging of magnetic induction behind the magnetising field.
2. Hysteresis means lagging behind.

Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Discuss Earth’s magnetic field in detail.
Answer:
Gover suggested that the Earth’s magnetic field is due to hot rays coming out from the Sun. These rays will heat up the air near-equatorial region. Once air becomes hotter, it rises above and will move towards northern and southern hemispheres and get electrified. This may be responsible to magnetize the ferromagnetic materials near the Earth’s surface.

The north pole of magnetic compass needle is attracted towards the magnetic south pole of the Earth which is near the geographic north pole. Similarly, the south pole of magnetic compass needle is attracted towards the geographic north pole of the Earth which is near magnetic north pole. There are three quantities required to specify the magnetic field of the Earth on its surface, which are often called as the elements of the Earth’s magnetic field. They are:

(a) Magnetic declination (D): The angle between magnetic meridian at a point and geographical meridian is called the declination or magnetic declination (D).

(b) Magnetic dip or inclination (I): The angle subtended by the Earth’s total magnetic field \(\vec { B } \) with the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian is called dip or magnetic inclination (I) at that point.

(c) The horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field (B_H): The component of Earth’s magnetic field along the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian is called horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field, denoted by B_H.

Let B_E be the net Earth’s magnetic field at a point P on the surface of the Earth. B_E can be resolved into two perpendicular components.
Horizontal component B_H = B_E cos I …… (1)
Vertical component B_V = B_E sin I …… (2)
Dividing the equation, we get tan I = \(\frac {{ B }_{V}}{{ B }_{H}}\) …….(3)

(i) At magnetic equator The Earth’s magnetic field is parallel to the surface of the Earth (i.e., horizontal) which implies that the needle of magnetic compass rests horizontally at an angle of dip, I = 0°.
B B_E = B_E
Bv = 0
This implies that the horizontal component is maximum at equator and vertical component is zero at equator.

(ii) At magnetic poles. The Earth’s magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of the Earth (i.e., vertical) which implies that the needle of magnetic compass rests vertically at an angle of dip, I = 90°
Hence, B_H = 0
Bv = B_E
This implies that the vertical component is maximum at poles and horizontal component is zero at poles.

Question 2.
Deduce the relation for the magnetic induction at a point due to an infinitely long straight conductor carrying current.
Answer:
Magnetic field due to a long straight conductor carrying current:
Consider a long straight wire NM with current I flowing from N to M. Let P be the point at a distance a from point O. Consider an element of length dl of the wire at a distance l from point O and \(\vec { r } \) be the vector joining the element dl with the point P. Let θ be the angle between \(\vec { dl } \) and \(\vec { r } \). Then, the magnetic field at P due to the element is d\(\vec { B } \) = \(\frac { { \mu }_{ 0 }I\vec { dl } }{ 4{ \pi r }^{ 2 } } \) sinθ (unit vector perpendicular to \(\vec { dl } \) and \(\vec { r } \)) …… (1)

The direction of the field is perpendicular to the plane of the paper and going into it. This can be determined by
taking the cross product between two vectors \(\vec { dl } \) and \(\vec { r } \) (let it be \(\hat{n}\) ). The net magnetic field can be determined by integrating equation with proper limits.

\(\vec { B } \) = \(\int { d\vec { B } } \)
From the figure, in a right angle triangle PAO,
tan (π – θ) = \(\frac { a }{ l }\)
l = \(\frac { a }{ tan θ }\) (since tan (π – θ) = -tan θ) ⇒ \(\frac { 1 }{ tan θ }\)
l = a cot θ and r = a cosec θ
differentiating,
dl = a cosec² θdθ

This is the magnetic field at a point P due to the current in small elemental length. Note that we have expressed the magnetic field OP in terms of angular coordinate i.e. θ. Therefore, the net magnetic field at the point P which can be obtained by integrating d\(\vec { B } \) by varying the angle from θ = (φ₁ to θ = φ₁ is

For a an infinitely long straight wire, 1 = 0 and 2 = , the magnetic field is
\(\vec { B } \) = \(\frac {{ µ }_{0}}{ 2πa }\) \(\hat{n}\) …… (3)
Note that here \(\hat{n}\) represents the unit vector from the point O to P.

Question 3.
Obtain a relation for the magnetic induction at a point along the axis of a circular coil carrying current.
Answer:
Magnetic field produced along the axis of the current-carrying circular coil:
Consider a current-carrying circular loop of radius R and let I be the current flowing through the wire in the direction. The magnetic field at a point P on the axis of the circular coil at a distance z from its center of the coil O. It is computed by taking two diametrically opposite line elements of the coil each of length \(\vec { dl } \) at C and D. Let \(\vec { r } \) be the vector joining the current element (1 \(\vec { dl } \)) at C to the point P.
PC = PD = T = \(\sqrt { { R }^{ 2 }+{ Z }^{ 2 } } \) and angle ∠CPO = ∠DPO = θ

According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic field at P due to the current element I \(\vec { dl } \) is
d\(\vec {B} \) = \(\frac {{ µ }_{0}}{ 4π }\) \(\frac{\mathrm{I} d \vec{l} \times \hat{r}}{r^{2}}\) ….. (1)
The magnitude of magnetic field due to current element l dl at C and D are equal because of equal distance from the coil. The magnetic field dB due to each current element I \(\vec { dl } \) is resolved into two components; dB sin θ along y-direction and dB cos θ along z-direction. Horizontal components of each current element cancels out while the vertical components (dB cos θ \(\hat{k}\)) alone contribute to total magnetic field at the point P.

If we integrate \(\vec { dl } \) around the loop, d\(\vec { B } \) sweeps out a cone, then the net magnetic field \(\vec { B } \) at point P is

Using Pythagorous theorem r² = R² + Z² and integrating line element from 0 to 2πR, we get

Note that the magnetic field \(\vec { B } \) points along the direction from the point O to P. Suppose if the current flows in clockwise direction, then magnetic field points in the direction from the point P to O.

Question 4.
Compute the torque experienced by a magnetic needle in a uniform magnetic field.
Answer:
Torque Acting on a Bar Magnet in Uniform Magnetic Field:
Consider a magnet of length 21 of pole strength q_m kept in a uniform magnetic field \(\vec { B } \) Each pole experiences a force of magnitude q_mB but acts in opposite direction.

Therefore, the net force exerted on the magnet is zero, so that there is no translatory motion. These two forces constitute a couple (about midpoint of bar magnet) which will rotate and try to align in the direction of the magnetic field \(\vec { B } \).

The force experienced by north pole, \(\vec { F } \)_N = q_m \(\vec { B } \) ……. (1)
The force experienced by south pole, \(\vec { F } \)_S = q_m \(\vec { B } \) …….. (2)
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get the net force acting on the dipole as
\(\vec { F } \) = \(\vec { F } \)_N + \(\vec { F } \)_S = \(\vec { O } \)

This implies, that the net force acting on the dipole is zero, but forms a couple which tends to rotate the bar magnet clockwise (here) in order to align it along \(\vec { B } \).
The moment of force or torque experienced by the north and south pole about point O is

By using right hand cork screw rule, we conclude that the total torque is pointing into the paper. Since the magnitudes

The magnitude of total torque about point O
τ = l × q_m B sin θ +l × q_m B sin θ
τ = 2l xq_m B sin θ
τ = P_m B sin θ
(∴ q_m × 2l = P_m )
In vector notation, τ = p_m × \(\vec { B } \)

Question 5.
Calculate the magnetic induction at a point on the a×ial line of a bar magnet.
Answer:
The magnetic field at a point along the axial line of the magnetic dipole (bar magnet):
Consider a bar magnet NS. Let N be the North Pole and S be the south pole of the bar magnet, each of pole strength q_m and separated by a distance of 2l. The magnetic field at a point C (lies along the axis of the magnet) at a distance from the geometrical center O of the bar magnet can be computed by keeping unit north pole (q_MC = 1 A m) at C. The force experienced by the unit north pole at C due to pole strength can be computed using Coulomb’s law of magnetism as follows:
The force of repulsion between the north pole of the bar magnet and the unit north pole at point C (in free space) is

where r – l is the distance between north pole of the bar magnet and unit north pole at C. The force of attraction between the South Pole of the bar magnet and unit North Pole at point C (in free space) is

where r + 1 is the distance between south pole of the bar magnet and unit north pole at C.

From equation (1) and (2), the net force at point C is \(\vec { F } \) = \(\vec { F } \)_N + \(\vec { F } \)_S.
From definition, this net force is the magnetic field due to magnetic dipole at a point C(\(\vec { F } \) = \(\vec { B } \))

Since, magnitude of magnetic dipole moment is \(\left| { \vec { P } }_{ m } \right| \) p_m = q_m. 2l the magnetic field point C equation (3) can be written as

If the distance between two poles in a bar magnet is small (looks like a short magnet) compared to the distance between geometrical centre O of a bar magnet and the location of point C i.e.,
r >>1 then, (r² – l²)² ≈ r⁴ ….. (5)
Therefore, using equation (5) in equation (4), we get

Question 6.
Obtain the magnetic induction at a point on the equatorial line of a bar magnet. The magnetic field at a point along the equatorial line due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
Answer:
Consider a bar magnet NS. Let N be the north pole and S be the south pole of the bar magnet, each with pole strength q_m and separated by a distance of 2l. The magnetic field at a point C (lies along the equatorial line) at a distance r from the geometrical center O of the bar magnet can be computed by keeping unit north pole (q_mC = 1 A m) at C. The force experienced by the unit north pole at C due to pole strength N-S can be computed using Coulomb’s law of magnetism as follow’s:
The force of repulsion between the North Pole of the bar magnet and the unit north pole at point C (in free space) is

\(\vec { F } \)_N = -F_N cos θ \(\hat{i}\) + F_N sin θ \(\hat{j}\) …… (1)
Where F_N = \(\frac { { µ }_{ 0 } }{ 4\pi } \) \(\frac { { q }_{ m } }{ { r’ }^{ 2 } } \)
The force of attraction (in free space) between south pole of the bar magnet and unit north pole at point C is
\(\vec { F } \)_S = -F_S cos θ \(\hat{i}\) + F_S sin θ j …… (2)
Where \(\vec { F } \)_S = \(\frac { { µ }_{ 0 } }{ 4\pi } \) \(\frac { { q }_{ m } }{ { r’ }^{ 2 } } \)
From equation (1) and equation (2), the net force at point C is \(\vec { F } \) = F_N + F_S This net force is equal to the magnetic field at the point C.
\(\vec { B } \) = -(F_N + F_S) cos θ \(\hat{i}\)
Since, F_N = F_S


In a right angle triangle NOC as shown in the Figure 1

Substituting equation 4 in equation 3 We get

Since, magnitude of magnetic dipole moment is \(\left| { \vec { P } }_{ m } \right| \) = P_m = q_m. 2l and substituting in equation (5), the magnetic field at a point C is

If the distance between two poles in a bar magnet are small (looks like a short magnet) when compared to the distance between geometrical center O of a bar magnet and the location of point C i.e., r>> l, then,
(r² + l²)^{\(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\)}
Therefore, using equation (7) in equation (6), we get ≈ r³ ……… (7)

Since P_m \(\hat{i}\) = \(\left| { \vec { P } }_{ m } \right| \)_m, in general, the magnetic field at equatorial point is given by

Note that magnitude of B_axial is twice that of magnitude of B_equatorial and the direction of are opposite.

Question 7.
Find the magnetic induction due to a long straight conductor using Ampere’s circuital law. Magnetic field due to the current-carrying wire of infinite
Answer:
length using Ampere’s law:
Consider a straight conductor of infinite length carrying current I and the direction of magnetic field lines. Since the wire is geometrically cylindrical in shape C and symmetrical about its axis, we construct an Amperian loop in the form of a circular shape at a distance r from the centre of the conductor. From the Ampere’s law, we get


Where dl is the line element along the amperian loop (tangent to the circular loop). Hence, the angle between the magnetic field vector and the line element is zero. Therefore,

where I is the current enclosed by the Amperian loop. Due to the symmetry, the magnitude of the magnetic field is uniform over the Amperian loop, we can take B out of the integration.

For a circular loop, the circumference is 2πr, which implies,

In vector form, the magnetic field is
\(\vec { B } \) = \(\frac { { μ }_{ 0 }I }{ 2\pi r } \)\(\hat{n}\)
Where \(\hat{n}\) is the unit vector along the tangent to the Amperian loop. This perfectly agrees with the result obtained from Biot-Savarf s law as given in equation
\(\vec { B } \) = \(\frac { { μ }_{ 0 }I }{ 2\pi a } \)\(\hat{n}\)

Question 8.
Discuss the working of the cyclotron in detail.
Answer:
Cyclotron:
A cyclotron is a device used to accelerate the charged particles to gain large kinetic energy. It is also called as high energy accelerator. It was invented by Lawrence and Livingston in 1934.

Principle:
When a charged particle moves normal to the magnetic field, it experiences magnetic Lorentz force.

Construction:
The particles are allowed to move in between two semicircular metal containers called Dees (hollow D – shaped objects). Dees are enclosed in an evacuated chamber and it is kept in a region with uniform magnetic field controlled by an electromagnet. The direction of the magnetic field is normal to the plane of the Dees. The two Dees are kept separated with a gap and the source S (which ejects the particle to be accelerated) is placed at the center in the gap between the Dees. Dees are connected to high frequency alternating potential difference.

Working:
Let us assume that the ion ejected from source S is positively charged. As soon as ion is ejected, it is accelerated towards a Dee (say, Dee – 1) which has negative potential at that time. Since the magnetic field is normal to the plane of the Dees, the ion undergoes circular path. After one semi-circular path in Dee-1, the ion reaches the gap between Dees. At this time, the polarities of the Dees are reversed so that the ion is now accelerated towards Dee-2 with a greater velocity. For this circular motion, the centripetal force of the charged particle q is provided by Lorentz force.
\(\frac {{ mv }^{2}}{ r }\) qvB ⇒ r = \(\frac { m }{ qb }\) v ⇒ r ∝ v
From the equation, the increase in velocity increases the radius of circular path. This process continues and hence the particle undergoes spiral path of increasing radius. Once it reaches near the edge, it is taken out with the help of deflector plate and allowed to hit the target T. Very important condition in cyclotron operation is the resonance condition. It happens when the frequency ƒ at which the positive ion circulates in the magnetic field must be equal to the constant frequency of the electrical oscillator f_osc From equation
f_osc = \(\frac { qB }{2πm}\) T = \(\frac { 1 }{{ f }_{osc}}\)
The time period of oscillation is
T = \(\frac { 2πm }{qB}\)
The kinetic energy of the charged paricle is
K E = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) mv² = \(\frac {{ q }^{2}}{{ B }^{2}}{{ r }^{2}}{ 2m }\)

Limitations of cyclotron:
(a) the speed of the ion is limited
(b) electron cannot be accelerated
(c) uncharged particles cannot be accelerated

Question 9.
What is tangent law? Discuss in detail.
Answer:
Tangent law:
Statement:
When a magnetic needle or magnet is freely suspended in two mutually perpendicular uniform magnetic fields, it will come to rest in the direction of the resultant of the two fields.

Explanation:
Let B be the magnetic field produced by passing current through the coil of the tangent Galvanometer and B_H be the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field. Under the action of two magnetic fields, the needle comes to rest making angle θ with B_H, such that

tan θ = \(\frac { B }{{ B }_{H}}\)
B = B_H tan θ ……. (1)
When no current is passed through the coil, the small magnetic needle lies along the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field. When the circuit is switched ON, the electric current will pass through the circular coil and produce magnetic field. Now there are two fields which are acting mutually perpendicular to each other. They are:

• the magnetic field (B) due to the electric current in the coil acting normal to the plane of the coil.
• the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field (B_H)

Because of these crossed fields, the pivoted magnetic needle deflects through an angle θ. From tangent law, B = B_H tan θ When an electric current is passed through a circular coil of radius R having N turns, the magnitude of the magnetic field at the center is
B = µ₀ \(\frac { NI }{ 2R }\) …….. (2)
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get
µ₀ \(\frac { NI }{ 2R }\) = B_H tan θ
The horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field can be determined as
B = µ₀ \(\frac { NI }{ 2R tan θ }\) in tesla ……. (3)

Question 10.
Explain the principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer.
Answer:
Moving coil galvanometer:
Moving coil galvanometer is a device which is used to indicate the flow of current in an electrical circuit.

Principle:
When a current-carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field it experiences a torque.

Construction:
A moving coil galvanometer consists of a rectangular coil PQRS of insulated thin copper wire. The coil contains a large number of turns wound over a light metallic frame. A cylindrical soft-iron core is placed symmetrically inside the coil. The rectangular coil is suspended freely between two pole pieces of a horse-shoe magnet.

The upper end of the rectangular coil is attached to one end of fine strip of phosphor bronze and the lower end of the coil is connected to a hair spring which is also made up of phosphor bronze. deflection of the coil with the help of lamp and scale arrangement. The other end of the mirror is connected to a torsion head T. In order to pass electric current through the galvanometer, the suspension strip W and the spring S are connected to terminals.

Working:
Consider a single turn of the rectangular coil PQRS whose length be l and breadth b. PQ = RS = l and QR = SP = b.
Let I be the electric current flowing through the rectangular coil PQRS. The horse-shoe magnet has hemispherical magnetic poles which produce a radial magnetic field.

Due to this radial field, the sides QR and SP are always parallel to to the B-field (magnetic field) and experience no force. The sides PQ and RS are always parallel to the B-field and experience force and due to this, torque is produced.
For a single turn, the deflection couple.
τ = bF = bBIl= (lb) BI = ABI since, area of the coil
A = lb For a coil with N turns, we get r = NABI …… (1)
Due to this deflecting torque, the coil gets twisted and restoring torque (also known as restoring couple) is developed. Hence the magnitude of restoring the couple is proportional to the amount of twist θ. Thus τ = K θ ……. (2)
where K is the restoring couple per unit twist or torsional constant of the spring. At equilibrium, the deflection couple is equal to the restoring couple. Therefore by comparing equation (1) and (2), we get

NABI = Kθ ⇒ I = \(\frac { K }{ NAB }\)θ …….. (3)
(or) I = G θ
Where, G = \(\frac { K }{ NAB }\) is called is called galvanometer constant or current reduction factor of the galvanometer. Since, suspended moving coil galvanometer is very sensitive, we have to handle with high care while doing experiments. For most of the galvanometer, we use arc pointer type moving coil galvanometer.

Question 11.
Discuss the conversion of a galvanometer into an ammeter and also a voltmeter.
Answer:
Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter and voltmeter:
A galvanometer is a very sensitive instrument to detect the current. It can be easily converted into an ammeter and voltmeter.
(i) Galvanometer to an Ammeter:
An ammeter is an instrument used to measure the current flowing in the electrical circuit. The ammeter must offer low resistance such that it will not change the current passing through it. So ammeter is connected in series to measure the circuit current.

A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance in parallel with the galvanometer. This low resistance is called shunt resistance S. The scale is now calibrated in ampere and the range of ammeter depends on the values of the shunt resistance.

Let I be the current passing through the circuit. When current I reach junction A, it divides into two components. Let I_g be the current passing through the galvanometer of resistance R_g through a path AGE and the remaining current (I – I_g) passes along the path ACDE through shunt resistance S.

The value of shunt resistance is so adjusted that current I produce full-scale deflection in the galvanometer. The potential difference across galvanometer is the same as the potential difference across shunt resistance.

Since, the deflection in the galvanometer is proportional to the current passing through it.
θ = \(\frac { 1 }{ g }\) I_g ⇒ θ Ig ⇒ θ ∝ I
So, the deflection in the galvanometer measures the current I passing through the circuit (ammeter). Shunt resistance is connected in parallel to a galvanometer. Therefore, the resistance of the ammeter can be determined by computing the effective resistance, which is

Since, the shunt resistance is a very low resistance and the ratio \(\frac { S }{{R}_{ g }}\) is also small. This means, R_g is also small, i.e., the resistance offered by the ammeter is small. So, when we connect ammeter in series, the ammeter will not change the resistance appreciably and also the current in the circuit. For an ideal ammeter, the resistance must be equal to zero. Hence, the reading in the ammeter is always lesser than the actual current in the circuit. Let I_ideal be current measured from ideal ammeter and I_actual be the actual current measured in the circuit by the ammeter. Then, the percentage error in measuring a current through an ammeter is

(ii) Galvanometer to a voltmeter: A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure potential difference across any two points in the electrical circuits. It should not draw any current from the circuit otherwise the value of potential difference to be measured will change. Voltmeter must have high resistance and when it is connected in parallel, it will not draw appreciable current so that it will indicate the true potential difference.

A galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by connecting high resistance R_h in series with a galvanometer. The scale is now calibrated in volt and the range of voltmeter depends on the values of the resistance connected in series i.e. the value of resistance is so adjusted that only current I_g produces full scale deflection in the galvanometer.

Let Rg be the resistance of galvanometer and ‘g be the current with which the galvanometer produces full scale deflection. Since the galvanometer is connected in series with high resistance, the current in the electrical circuit is same as the current passing through the galvanometer.
Potential difference
I = I_g

Since the galvanometer and high resistance are connected in series, the total resistance or effective resistance gives the resistance of the voltmeter. The voltmeter resistance is R_v R_g + R_h

Note that I_g ∝ V
The deflection in the galvanometer is proportional to the current I. But current is proportional to the potential difference. Hence the deflection in the galvanometer is proportional to a potential difference. Since the resistance of voltmeter is very large, a voltmeter connected in an electrical circuit will draw least current in the circuit. An ideal voltmeter is one which has infinite resistance.

Question 12.
Calculate the magnetic field inside and outside of the long solenoid using Ampere’s circuital law.
Answer:
Magnetic field due to a long current-carrying solenoid:
Consider a solenoid of length L having N turns. The diameter of the solenoid is assumed to be much smaller when compared to its length and the coil is wound very closely.

In order to calculate the magnetic field at any point inside the solenoid, we use Ampere’s circuital law. Consider a rectangular loop abed. Then from Ampere’s circuital law,


= µ₀ x (total current enclosed by Amperian loop)
The left-hand side of the equation is

Since the elemental lengths along bc and da are perpendicular to the magnetic field which is along the axis of the solenoid, the integrals

Since the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero, the integral

For the path along ab, the integral is

where the length of the loop ab is h. But the choice of length of the loop ab is arbitrary. We can take a very large loop such that it is equal to the length of the solenoid L. Therefore the integral is

let N I be the current passing through the solenoid of N turns, then

The number of turns per unit length is given by \(\frac { NI }{ L }\) = n, then
B = µ₀ \(\frac { nLI }{ L }\) = µ₀nI
Since n is a constant for a given solenoid and p0 is also constant. For a fixed current I, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is also a constant.

Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Numerical problems

Question 1.
A bar magnet having a magnetic moment \(\overrightarrow { M } \) is cut into four pieces i.e., first cut in two pieces along the axis of the magnet and each piece is further cut into two pieces. Compute the magnetic moment of each piece.
Solution:
Consider a bar magnet of magnetic moment \(\overrightarrow { M } \) . When a bar magnet first cut in two pieces

Their magnetic moment of each pieces \(\frac { \overrightarrow { M } }{ 4 } \)
Their magnetic moment of each pieces \(\overrightarrow { M } \)_new \(\frac { 1 }{4} \) \(\overrightarrow { M } \)

Question 2.
A conductor of linear mass density 0.2 g m^-1 suspended by two flexible wires as shown in the figure. Suppose the tension in the supporting wires ¡s zero when it is kept inside the magnetic field of I T whose direction is into the page. Compute the current inside the conductor and also the direction of the current. Assume g = 10 m s^-2.

Solution:
Downward force, F = mg
Linear mass density, \(\frac { m }{ l }\) = 0.2 gm^-1
\(\frac { m }{ l }\) = 0.2 x 10^-3 kg m^-1
m = (0.2 x 10^-3 x l) kg m^-1
F = (0.2 x 10^-3 x l x 10) N
The upward magnetic force acting on the wire
F = BIl
0.2 x 10^-3 x l x 10 = 1 x I x l
I = 2 x 10^-3
I = 2 m A

Question 3.
A circular coil with cross-sectional area 0.1 cm² is kept in a uniform magnetic field of strength 0.2 T. If the current passing in the coil is 3 A and plane of the loop is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. Calculate
(a) total torque on the coil
(b) total force on the coil
(c) average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field of the free electron density for the material of the wire is 10²⁸ m^-3
Solution:
Cross-sectional area of coil, A = 0.1 cm²
A = 0.1 x 10^-4m²
Uniform magnetic field of strength, B = 0.2T
Current passing in the coil, I = 3A
The angle between the magnetic field and normal to the coil, θ = 0°
(a) Total torque on the coil,
τ = ABI sin θ = 0.1 x 10^-4 x 0.2 x 3 sin0° sin0° = 0
τ = 0

(b) Total force on the coil
F = BIl sin θ = 0.2 x 3 x l x sin 0°
F = 0

(c) Average force:
F = qV_dB
drift velocity, V_d = \(\frac { 1 }{ ne A }\)
[∵ q = e]
F = e \(\left( \frac { 1 }{ neA } \right) \)B
[∵n = 10²⁸ m^-3
\(\frac { IB }{ n A }\) = \(\frac{3 \times 0.2}{10^{28} \times 0.1 \times 10^{-4}}\) = 6 x 10^-24
F_av = 0.6 x 10^-23 N

Question 4.
A bar magnet is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose strength is 0.8 T. Suppose the bar magnet orient at an angle 30° with the external field experiences a torque of 0.2 N m. Calculate:
(i) the magnetic moment of the magnet
(ii) the work done by an applied force in moving it from most stable configuration to the most unstable configuration and also compute the work done by the applied magnetic field in this case.
Solution:
Uniform magnetic field strength B = 0.8T
Bar magnet orient an angle with magnetic field θ = 30°
Torque τ = 0.2 Nm
(i) Magnetic moment of the magnet,
Torque τ = P_m B Sin θ
∴ Magnetic moment, P_m = \(\frac { τ }{ B sin θ }\) = \(\frac { 0.2 }{ 0.8 × Sin 30° }\) = \(\frac { 0.2 }{ 0.4 }\)
P_m = 0.5 Am²

(ii) Work done by external torque is stored in the magnet as potential energy.
W = U = – P_m B Sin θ
Here, the applied force acting on the magnet is moving from most stable θ’ to most unstable θ.
θ’= 0° and θ = 180°
So, workdone W = U = – P_m B (Cosθ – Cosθ’)
= – P_m B (Cos 180° – Cos 0°) = – 0.5 x 0.8 ((-1) – 1) = – 0.4 (-2)
W = U = 0.8
W= 0.8 J

Question 5.
A non – conducting sphere has a mass of 100 g and a radius 20 cm. A flat compact coil of wire with turns 5 is wrapped tightly around it with each turn concentric with the sphere. This sphere is placed on an inclined plane such that plane of coil is parallel to the inclined plane. A uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T exists in the region in the vertically upward direction. Compute the current 1 required to rest the sphere in equilibrium.

Solution:
At equilibrium
f_s R-p_m B sin θ = 0
mgR = NBAI
I = \(\frac { mg R }{ N B A }\) = \(\frac { mg R }{{ N B π R }^{2}}\)
I = \(\frac { mg }{ π R N B }\)
Mass of the sphere, m= 100 g = 100 x 10^-3 kg
Radius of the sphere R = 20 cm = 20 x 10^-2 m
Number of turns n = 5
Uniform magnetic field B = 0.5 T
I = \(\frac{100 \times 10^{-3} \times 10}{\pi \times 20 \times 10^{-2} \times 5 \times 0.5}\) = \(\frac{1000 \times 10^{-3}}{\pi \times 50 \times 10^{-2}}\) = \(\frac{20 \times 10^{-1}}{\pi}\)
I = \(\frac { 2 }{ π }\) A.

Question 6.
Calculate the magnetic field at the center of a square loop which carries a current of 1.5 A, length of each loop is 50 cm.
Solution:

Current through the square loop, I = 1.5A
Length of each loop, l = 50cm 50 x 10^-2 m
According to Biot-Savart Law.
Magnetic field due to a current-carrying straight wire

B =0.084866 x 10^-5 T
Magnetic field at a point p? of centre of current carrying square ioop
B’ =4 sides x B
= 4 x 0.08487 x 10^-5 = 0.33948 x 10^-5
B’ =3.4 x 10^-6 T

Question 7.
Show that the magnetic field at any point on the axis of the solenoid having n turns per unit length is B = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) µ₀ nI (cos θ₁ – cosθ₂)
Solution:
A solenoid is a cylindrical coil having a number of circular turns. Consider a solenoid having radius R consists of n number of turns per unit length.
Let ‘P’ be the point at a distance ‘x’ from the origin of the solenoid. The current carrying element dx at a distance x from origin and the distance r from point ‘P’.
r = \(\sqrt{\mathrm{R}^{2}+\left(x_{0}-x\right)^{2}}\)
The magnetic field due to current carrying circular coil at any axis is
dB = \(\frac{\mu_{0} \mathrm{IR}^{2}}{2 r^{3}}\) × N
Where N = ndx, then
dB = \(\frac {{ µ }_{0}}{ 2 }\) \(\frac{n \mathrm{IR}^{2} d x}{r^{3}}\) ……. (1)
sin θ = \(\frac { R }{ r }\)
r = R × \(\frac { 1 }{ sin θ }\) = R cosec θ ……. (2)
tan θ = \(\frac { R }{{ x }_{0}-x}\)
x₀ – x = R × \(\frac { 1 }{ tan θ }\) = R cot θ
\(\frac { dx }{ dθ }\) = R cosec² θ
⇒ dx = R cosec² θ dθ ……. (3)
From above three equations, wer get
dB = \(\frac {{ µ }_{0}}{ 2 }\) \(\frac{n \mathrm{IR}^{2}\left(\mathrm{R} \csc ^{2} \theta d \theta\right)}{\mathrm{R}^{3} \csc ^{3} \theta}\)
dB = \(\frac {{ µ }_{0}}{ 2 }\) n I sin θ dθ
Now total magnetic field can be obtained by integrating from θ₁ to θ₂, we get

Question 8.
Let I₁ and I₂ be the steady currents passing through a long horizontal wire XY and PQ respectively. The wire PQ is fixed in the horizontal plane and the wire XY be is allowed to move freely in a vertical plane. Let the wire XY is in equilibrium at a height d over the parallel wire PQ as shown in the figure.

Solution:
If the wire XY is slightly displaced and released, it executes simple harmonic motion due to the force of repulsion produced between the current-carrying wire.
Acceleration of the wire, a = -ω²y
Time period of oscillation of the wire,
T = 2π \(\sqrt { \frac { d }{ g } } \)

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Physics Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Additional Questions Solved

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
Source (s) of a magnetic field is (are)-
(a) an isolated magnetic pole
(b) a static electric charge
(c) a moving electric charge
(d) all of these
Answer:
(c) a moving electric charge

Question 2.
Magnetic field lines-
(a) cannot intersect at all
(b) intersect at infinity
(c) intersect within the magnet
(d) intersect at the neutral points
Answer:
(a) cannot intersect at all

Question 3.
A magnetic needle is kept in a non-uniform magnetic field. It experiences-
(a) a force and a torque
(b) a force but not a torque
(c) a torque but not a force
(d) neither a force nor a torque
Answer:
(a) a force and a torque

Question 4.
The SI unit of pole strength is-
(a) Am²
(b) Am^-1
(c) Am^-2
(d) Am
Answer:
(d) Am

Question 5.
Earth’s magnetic field always has a horizontal component except for at-
(a) equator
(b) magnetic pole
(c) a latitude of 60°
(d) a latitude of 50°
Answer:
(b) magnetic pole

Question 6.
The angle of dip at the magnetic equator is-
(a) 0°
(b) 30°
(c) 60°
(d) 90°
Answer:
(a) 0°

Question 7.
At a certain place the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is √3 times vertical component. The angle of dip at that place is-
(a) 75°
(b) 60°
(c) 45°
(d) 30°
Answer:
(d) 30°
Hint:
tan δ = \(\frac {{ B }_{V}}{{ B }_{H}}\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ √3 }\) ⇒ δ = tan^-1 \(\left( \frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 3 } } \right) \) = 30°

Question 8.
At magnetic poles the angle of dip is-
(a) 45°
(b) 30°
(c) 0°
(d) 90°
Answer:
(d) 90°

Question 9.
The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is 3.6 x 10^-5T. If the angle of dip at this place is 60°. the vertical components of earth’s field at this place is-
(a) 1.2 x 10^-5T
(b) 2.4 x 10^-5T
(c) 4 x 10^-5T
(d) 6.2 x 10^-5T
Answer:
(d) 6.2 x 10^-5T
Hint:
B_v = B_H tan δ = 3.6 x 10^-5 x tan 60°
B_v = 6.2 x 10^-5T

Question 10.
A bar magnet of magnetic moment M is cut into two parts of equal length. The magnetic moment of either part is-
(a) M
(b) 2M
(c) \(\frac { M }{ 2 }\)
(d) Zero
Answer:
(c) \(\frac { M }{ 2 }\)

Question 11.
A magnetic needle suspended by a silk thread is vibrating in the earths magnetic field, If the temperature of the needle is increased by 500°C, then-
(a) time period decreases
(b) time period remains unchanged
(c) time period increases
(d) the needle stops vibrating
Answer:
(c) time period increases
Hint:
Magnet moment decreases with temperature. Therefore the time period will increase.

Question 12.
Demagnetisation of a magnet can be done by-
(a) rough handling
(b) magnetising in the opposite direction
(c) heating
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 13.
All the magnetic materials lose their magnetic properties when-
(a) dipped in water
(b) dipped in oil
(c) brought near a piece of iron
(d) strongly heated
Answer:
(d) strongly heated

Question 14.
The relative permeability of a paramagnetic material is-
(a) greater than unity
(b) less than unity
(c) equal to unity
(d) negative
Answer:
(a) greater than unity

Question 15.
The relative permeability of a diamagnetic material is-
(a) greater than unity
(b) less than unity
(c) equal to unity
(d) negative
Answer:
(b) less than unity

Question 16.
Which of the following is most suitable for the core of an electromagnet?
(a) air
(b) soft iron
(c) steel
(d) Co-Ni alloy
Answer:
(b) soft iron

Question 17.
Soft Iron is used in many parts of electrical machines for-
(a) low hysteresis loss and low permeability
(b) low hysteresis less and high permeability
(c) high hysteresis loss and low permeability
(d) high hysteresis loss and high permeability
Answer:
(b) low hysteresis loss and high permeability

Question 18.
When a diamagnetic substance is brought near the north or the south pole of a bar magnet, it is-
(a) attracted by the poles
(b)repel led by the poles
(c) attracted by the north pole and repelled by the south pole
(d) attracted by the south pole and repelled by the north pole
Answer:
(b) repelled by the poles

Question 19.
At Curie point, a ferromagnetic material becomes-
(a) non-magnetic
(b) diamagnetic
(c) paramagnetic
(d) antiferromagnetic
Answer:
(c) paramagnetic

Question 20.
Magnetic permeability is maximum for-
(a) diamagnetic substances
(b) paramagnetic substances
(c) ferromagnetic substances
(d) all of these
Answer:
(c) ferromagnetic substances

Question 21.
The material of a permanent magnet has-
(a) high retentivity, low coercivity
(b) low retentivity, low coercivity
(c) low retentivity, low coercivity
(d) high retentivity, high coercivity
Answer:
(d) high retentivity, high coercivity

Question 22.
Which one of the following is not made of soft iron?
(a) electromagnet
(b) core of transformer
(c) core of dynamo
(d) magnet of loudspeaker
Answer:
(d) magnet of loudspeaker

Question 23.
A dip circle k at right angles to the magnetic meridian. The apparent dip is-
(a) 0°
(b) 30°
(c) 600
(d) 90°
Answer:
(d) 90°

Question 24.
A magnetic needle is placed in a uniform magnetic field. It experience-
(a) a force and a torque
(b) a force but not a torque
(c) a torque but not a force
(d) neither a force nor a torque
Answer:
(c) a torque but not a force

Question 25.
The relative permeability of iron is 5500. Its magnetic susceptibility is-
(a) 5501
(b) 5500 x 10^-7
(c) 5500 x 10⁷
(d) 5499
Answer:
(d) 5499
Hint:
µ_r = 1 + x
⇒ x = µ_r -1 = 5500 – 1 = 5499

Question 26.
The inherent property of all matter is/are-
(a) paramagnetism
(b) diamagnetism
(c) ferromagnetism
(d) all the above
Answer:
(b) diamagnetism

Question 27.
A magnetic needle suspended freely-
(a) orients itself in a definite direction
(b) remains in any direction
(c) become vertical with N-pole up
(d) become vertical with N-pole down
Answer:
(a) orients itself in a definite direction

Question 28.
The earth’s magnetic field at a given point is 0.5 x 10^-5 Wb/m². This field is to be annulled by magnetic induction at the center of circular conducting loop of radius 5 cm. The current required to be flown in the loop is nearly-
(a) 0.2 A
(b) 0.4 A
(c) 4 A
(d) 40 A
Answer:
(b) 0.4 A
Hint:
B = \(\frac {{ µ }_{0}I}{ 2r }\) ⇒ I = \(\frac {2r B}{{ µ }_{0}}\) = \(\frac{2 \times 0.05 \times 0.5 \times 10^{-5}}{4 \pi \times 10^{-7}}\) = 04 A

Question 29.
A frog can be levitated in a magnetic field produced by a current in a vertical solenoid placed below the frog. This is possible because the body of the frog is-
(a) paramagnetic
(b) diamagnetic
(c) ferromagnetic
(d) antiferromagnetic
Answer:
(a) paramagnetic

Question 30.
The magnetic moment of a current-carrying circular coil of radius r varies as-
(a) \(\frac { 1 }{{ r }^{2}}\)
(b) \(\frac { 1 }{ r }\)
(c) r
(d) r²
Answer:
(d) r²
Hint:
Magnetic moment, M = 1A = I(πr²) = M αr²

Question 31.
For a paramagnetic material, the dependence of the magnetic susceptibility % on the absolute temperature T is given as-
(a) x ∝ r
(b) x ∝ \(\frac { 1 }{{T}^{ 2 }}\)
(c) x ∝ \(\frac { 1 }{ T }\)
(d) x ∝ T²
Answer:
(c) x ∝ \(\frac { 1 }{ T }\)

Question 32.
A charged particle (charge q) is moving in a circle of radius R with uniform speed V. The associated magnetic moment is given by-
(a) qVR²
(b) \(\frac {{qVR}^{ 2 }}{2}\)
(c) qVR
(d) \(\frac { qVR }{ 2 }\)
Answer:
(d) \(\frac { qVR }{ 2 }\)
Hint:
Magnetic moment, M = IA = \(\frac { q }{ T }\) (π R²)
M = \(\frac { qv }{ 2πR }\) (π R²) = \(\frac { qvR }{ 2 }\)

Question 33.
Nickel shows ferromagnetic property at room temperature. If the temperature is increased . beyond Curie temperature, then it will show-
(a) antiferromagnetism
(b) no magnetic property
(c) diamagnetism
(d) para magnetism
Answer:
(d) paramagnetism

Question 34.
A proton enters a magnetic field of flux density 1.5 Wb/m² with a speed of 2x 10⁷ m/s at an angle of 30° with the field. The force on the proton will be-
(a) 0.24 x 10^-12 N
(b) 2.4 x 10^-12 N
(c) 24 x 10^-12 N
(d) 0.024 x 10^-12 N
Answer:
(b) 2.4 x 10^-12 N
Hint:
F = Bqv sin θ =1.5 x 1.6 x 10^-19 x 2 x 10⁷ x sin 30° = 2.4 x 10^-12 N

Question 35.
A moving charge produces-
(a) an electric field only
(b)a magnetic field only
(c) both electric and magnetic fields
(d) neither an electric nor a magnetic field
Answer:
(c) both electric and magnetic fields

Question 36.
A straight conductor carrying a current I, is split into a circular loop of radius r as shown in the figure. The magnetic field at the centre O of the circle, in tesla, is-

(a) \(\frac {{ µ }_{0}I}{ 2r }\)
(b) \(\frac {{ µ }_{0}I}{ 2πr }\)
(c) \(\frac {{ µ }_{0}I}{ πr }\)
(d) zero
Answer:
(d) zero
Hint:
Field due to the upper and lower semicircles will cancel out.

Question 37.
In a moving coil galvanometer the current ‘i’ is related to the deflection θ as-
(a) i α θ
(b) i α tan θ
(c) i α θ²
(d) i α √θ
Answer:
(a) i α θ

Question 38.
The magnetic field due to a current carrying circular coil on the axis, at a large distance r from the centre of the coil, varies approximately as-
(a) \(\frac { 1 }{ r }\)
(b) \(\frac { 1 }{ { r }^{ \frac { 3 }{ 2 } } } \)
(c) \(\frac { 1 }{{ r }^{3}}\)
(d) \(\frac { 1 }{{ r }^{2}}\)
Answer:
(c) \(\frac { 1 }{{ r }^{3}}\)

Question 39.
A moving charge is subjected to an external magnetic field. The change in the kinetic energy of the particle-
(а) increases with the increase in the field strength
(b) decreases with the increase in the field strength
(c) is always zero
(d) depends upon whether the field is uniform or non-uniform
Answer:
(c) is always zero

Question 40.
Lorentz force is given by-
(a) q (E + V × B)
(b)q (E -V × B)
(c) q (E + V.B)
(d) q (E × B × V)
Answer:
(a) q (E + V × B)

Question 41.
A circular loop has radius R and a current I flows through it. Another circular loop has a radius of 2R and a current 21 flows through it. The ratio of the magnetic fields at their centres is-
(a) \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\)
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 1
Hint:
B₁ = \(\frac {{ µ }_{0}I}{ 2r }\) and B₂ = \(\frac { µ(2I) }{ 2(2R) }\); \(\frac {{ B }_{1}}{ { B }_{2}}\) = 1

Question 42.
The magnetic field inside a solenoid is-
(a) directly proportional to current
(b) inversely proportional to current
(c) directly proportional to its length
(d) inversely proportional to the total number of turns
Answer:
(a) directly proportional to current

Question 43.
A circular loop of area 0.01 m² and carrying a current of 10A is placed parallel to a magnetic field of intensity 0.1T. The torque acting on the loop, in Nm is-
(a) 1.1
(b) 0.8
(c) 0.001
(d) 0.01
Answer:
(d) 0.01
Hint:
τ = BIA = 0.1 x 10 x 0.01 = 0.01 Nm

Question 44.
In a current-carrying long solenoid, the field produced does not depend upon-
(a) number of turns per unit length
(b) current flowing
(c) the radius of the solenoid
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(c) radius of the solenoid

Question 45.
When a charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field its kinetic energy-
(a) remains constant
(b) increases
(c) decreases
(d) becomes zero
Answer:
(a) remains constant

II. Fill in the blanks.

Question 1.
At Curie point, a ferromagnetic material becomes ………………
Answer:
paramagnetic

Question 2.
Electromagnets are made of soft iron because soft iron has ………………
Answer:
high susceptibility and low retentivity

Question 3.
The word magnetism is derived from iron ore ………………
Answer:
haematite

Question 4.
The chemical formula of magnetises is ………………
Answer:
Fe₃ O₄

Question 5.
The iron ore magnetite was found on the island of ………………
Answer:
Magnesia

Question 6.
……………… suggested that earth behaves as a giant bar magnet
Answer:
Gilbert

Question 7.
The field at the surface of the earth is approximately equal to
Answer:
10^-4T

Question 8.
The natural magnets have ………………
Answer:
the irregular shape and they are weak

Question 9.
Pieces of iron or steel that acquires magnetic properties when it is rubbed with a magnet are called ………………
Answer:
artificial magnet

Question 10.
The artificial magnet in the form of a rectangular or cylindrical bar is called ………………
Answer:
bar magnet

Question 11.
In a magnet, the magnetic attraction is maximum at the ……………… of the magnet.
Answer:
poles

Question 12.
The unit of pole strength is ………………
Answer:
ampere meter

Question 13.
The unit of magnetic flux density is ………………
Answer:
Weber metre² (or) tesla

Question 14.
The value of po is equal to ………………
Answer:
4π x 10^-7 Hm^-1

Question 15.
A unit pole experiences a force of ………………
Answer:
10^-7N

Question 16.
At neutral points the resultant magnetic field due to the magnet and earth is ………………
Answer:
the magnetic field of the earth

Question 17.
The circular scale of deflection magneto meter is divided into ……………… quadrants?
Answer:
4

Question 18.
Each quadrant of the circular scale of deflection magnetometer is graduated from ………………
Answer:
0 – 90°

Question 19.
The sensitivity of the deflection magneto meter is more at ………………
Answer:
45°

Question 20.
The magnetic field used to magnetise a material is called the ………………
Answer:
magnetic intensity

Question 21.
The unit of magnetising field or magnetic intensity is ………………
Answer:
ampere metre 1

Question 22.
The pole strength per unit area of the cross-section of the material is termed as
Answer:
intensity of magnetisation ………………

Question 23.
The magnetic moment per unit volume of the material is termed as ………………
Answer:
intensity of magnetization

Question 24.
In diamagnetic materials the net magnetic moment of atoms is ………………
Answer:
zero

Question 25.
The susceptibility of diamagnetic materials has a ……………… value.
Answer:
low negative

Question 26.
The susceptibility (x_m) of bismuth is ………………
Answer:
0.00017

Question 27.
The relative permeability of diamagnetic material is ………………
Answer:
less than one

Question 28.
Ferromagnetic substances have ………………magnetic moment.
Answer:
spontaneous net

Question 29.
As the temperature increase, the value of susceptibility of the ferromagnetic substance ………………
Answer:
decrease

Question 30.
The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic induction behind the magnetising field is called ………………
Answer:
hysteresis

Question 31.
The direction of the magnetic field in a current-carrying conductor is given by ………………
Answer:
Maxwell’s right cork screw rule

Question 32.
The relative permeability (µ_r) for air is ………………
Answer:
one

Question 33.
The instrument used for measuring current is ………………
Answer:
Tangent galvanometer

Question 34.
Tangent galvanometer works on the principle of ………………
Answer:
Tangent Law

Question 35.
The tangent law is applied in ………………
Answer:
Tangent

III Match the following

Question 1.

Answer:
(i) → (c)
(ii) → (d)
(iii) → (a)
(iv) → (b)

Question 2.

Answer:
(i) → (c)
(ii) → (d)
(iii) → (b)
(iv) → (a)

Question 3.

Answer:
(i) → (c)
(ii) → (a)
(iii) → (d)
(iv) → (b)

Question 4.

(i) → (d)
(ii) → (c)
(in) →(a)
(iv) → (b)

Question 5.

Answer:
(i) → (d)
(ii) → (a)
(iii) → (b)
(iv) → (c)

IV Assertion and Reason Questions

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is true.
(e) If both assertion and reason are false.

Question 1.
Assertion: The poles of magnet cannot be separated by breaking into two pieces.
Reason: The magnetic moment will be reduced to half when a magnet is broken into two equal pieces.
Answer:
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Explanation: As we know every atom of a magnet acts as a dipole, so poles cannot be separated. When magnet is broken into two equal pieces, magnetic moment of each part will be half of the original magnet.

Question 2.
Assertion: When radius of the circular loop carrying current is doubled, its magnetic moment becomes four times.
Reason: Magnetic moment depends on area of the loop.
Answer:
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Explanation: Magnetic moment M = IA = I (πr²)
New magnetic moment Ml = I π (2r)² = 4πIr² = 4M

Question 3.
Assertion: The ferromagnetic substance do not obey Curie’s Law.
Reason: At Curie point, a ferromagnetic substance starts behaving as a paramagnetic substance.
Answer:
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Explanation: The susceptibility of ferromagnetic substance decreases with the rise of temperature in a complicated manner. After Curie point, the susceptibility ferromagnetic substance varies inversely with its absolute temperature.

Question 4.
Assertion: Soft iron is used as transformer core.
Reason: Soft iron has narrow hysteresis loop.
Answer:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Explanation: For high efficiency of transformer, the energy loss will be lesser if the hysteresis loop is lesser area, i.e narrow.

Question 5.
Assertion: Cyclotron does not accelerate electrons.
Reason: Mass of the electron is very small
Answer:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Explanation: Cyclotron is suitable for accelerating heavy particles like protons, x-particles. etc. and not for electrons because of low mass.

Question 6.
Assertion: Cyclotron is a device which is used to accelerate the positive ion.
Reason: Cyclotron frequency depends upon the velocity.
Answer:
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
Explanation: Cyclotron is utilised to accelerate the positive ion. And cyclotron frequency is given by v =\(\frac { Be }{ 2πm }\). It means cyclotron frequency doesn’t depend upon velocity.

Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 2-mark Questions

Question 1.
Define magnetic declination (D).
Answer:
The angle between magnetic meridian at a point and geographical meridian is called the declination or magnetic declination (D).

Question 2.
Define magnetic inclination (I).
Answer:
The angle subtended by the Earth’s total magnetic field B with the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian is called dip or magnetic inclination (I) at the point.

Question 3.
Define magnetic field.
Answer:
The magnetic field \(\vec { B } \) at a point is defined as a force experienced by the bar magnet of unit pole strength.
B = \(\frac { 1 }{{ q }_{m}}\) \(\vec { F } \) Its unit is N A^-1 m^-1

Question 4.
Define magnetic flux density.
Answer:
The magnetic flux density is defined as the number of magnetic field lines crossing unit area kept normal to the direction of the line of force. Its unit is Wb m^-2 or tesla.

Question 5.
State ‘Tangent Law’.
Answer:
When a magnetic needle or magnet is freely suspended in two mutually perpendicular uniform magnetic fields, it will come to rest in the direction of the resultant of the two fields.

Question 6.
Define in terms of magnetising field.
Answer:
The magnetic field which is used to magnetize a sample or specimen is called the magnetising field. Magnetising field is a vector quantity and it denoted by \(\vec { H } \) and its unit is A m^-1 .

Question 7.
State Right hand thumb rule.
Answer:
Answer:
If we curl the fingers of right hand in the direction of current in the loop, then the stretched thumb gives the direction of the mag netic moment associated with the loop.

Question 8.
State ‘One ampere’.
Answer:
One ampere is defined as that current when it is passed through each of the two infinitely long parallel straight conductors kept at a distance of one meter apart in a vacuum causes each conductor to experience a force of 2 x 10^-7 newton per meter length of the conductor.

Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 3-Mark Questions

Question 1.
Explain Curie’s Law of magnetism.
Answer:
When the temperature is increased, thermal vibration will upset the alignment of magnetic dipole moments. Therefore, the magnetic susceptibility decreases with an increase in temperature. In many cases, the susceptibility of the materials is This relation is called Curie’s law.
x_m ∝\(\frac { 1 }{ T }\) or x_m = \(\frac { C }{ T }\)
This relation is called Curie’s law.

Question 2.
Write down the concept of Maxwell’s right-hand cork screw rule.
Answer:
This rule is used to determine the direction of the magnetic field. If we rotate a right-handed screw using a screw driver, then the direction of current is same as the direction in which screw advances, and the direction of rotation of the screw gives the direction of the magnetic field.

Question 3.
Define in terms of Voltage Sensitivity of a galvanometer.
Answer:
It is defined as the deflection produced per unit voltage applied across it.

Question 4.
Define in terms of the Current Sensitivity of a galvanometer.
Answer:
It is defined as the deflection produced per unit current flowing through it.
I_s = \(\frac { θ }{ I }\) = \(\frac { N A B }{ K }\) ⇒ I_s = \(\frac { 1 }{ G }\)

Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 5-Marks Questions

Question 1.
Derive an expression for the potential energy of a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field.
Answer:
When a bar magnet (magnetic dipole) of dipole moment \(\vec { B } \)_m is held at an angle 0 with the direction of a uniform magnetic field B , the magnitude of the torque acting on the dipole is

\(\left| { \vec { \tau } }_{ B } \right| \) = \(\left| { \vec { P } }_{ B } \right| \) \(\left| \vec { B } \right| \) sin θ ….. (1)
If the dipole is rotated through a very small angular displacement dθ against the torque τ_B at constant angular velocity, then
the work done by external torque (\({ \vec { \tau } }_{ ext }\)) for this small angular displacement is given by
dW = (\({ \vec { \tau } }_{ ext }\)) dθ …… (2)
The bar magnet has to be moved at constant angular velocity, which implies that
\(\left| { \vec { \tau } }_{ B } \right| \) = \(\left| { \vec { \tau } }_{ ext } \right| \)
dW = P_m B sin θ d θ
Total work done in rotating the dipole from θ’ to θ is e e

W = -P_m B (cosθ – cosθ’) …… (3)
This work done is stored as potential energy in bar magnet at an angle θ when it is rotated from θ’ to θ and it can be written as
U = -P_m B (cosθ – cosθ’) …(4)
In fact, equation (4) gives the difference in potential energy between the angular positions θ’ and θ. We can choose the reference point θ’ = 90°, so that the second term in the equation becomes zero and the equation 4 can be written as
U = -P_m B(cosθ) …(5)
U = -P_m • \(\vec { B } \)
Case 1:
(i) If θ = 0°, then
U= —P_m B (cos 0° ) = P_m B
(ii) If θ = 180°, then
U=-p_m B(cos 180°) = p_m B
The potential energy stored in a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field is given by

Question 2.
Write down the application of Hysteresis loop.
Answer:
Applications of hysteresis loop:
The significance of hysteresis loop is that it provides information such as retentivity, coercivity, permeability, susceptibility and energy loss during one cycle of magnetisation for each ferromagnetic material. Therefore, the study of hysteresis loop will help us in selecting proper and suitable material for a given purpose. Some examples:

(i) Permanent magnets:
The materials with high retentivity, high coercivity and high permeability are suitable for making permanent magnets.
Examples:
Steel and Alnico

(ii) Electromagnets:
The materials with high initial permeability, low retentivity, low coercivity and thin hysteresis loop with smaller area are preferred to make electromagnets.
Examples:
Soft iron and Mumetal (Nickel Iron alloy).

(iii) Core of the transformer:
The materials with high initial permeability, large magnetic induction and thin hysteresis loop with smaller area are needed to design transformer cores.
Examples:
Soft iron

Question 3.
Write down the difference between soft and hard ferromagnetic materials.
Answer:

Question 4.
State and explain the Biot – Savart Law.
Answer:
Biot and Savart experimentally observed that the magnitude of magnetic field d\(\vec { B } \) at a point P at a distance r from the small elemental length taken on a conductor carrying current varies
(i) directly as the strength of the current I
(ii) directly as the magnitude of the length element \(\vec { dl } \)
(iii) directly as the sine of the angle (say,θ) between \(\vec { dl } \) and \(\hat{r}\).
(iv) inversely as the square of the distance between the point P and length element \(\vec { dl } \). This is expressed as

dB ∝ \(\frac { I dl }{{r}^{ 2 }}\) sin θ
dB = k \(\frac { I dl }{{r}^{ 2 }}\) sin θ
Where K = \(\frac {{μ }_{0}}{ 4π }\) in SI units and k = 1 in CGS units.
In vector notation,
d\(\vec { B } \) = \(\frac {{μ }_{0}}{ 4π }\) \(\frac{\mathrm{I} d \vec{l} \times \hat{r}}{r^{2}}\) ….. (1)
Here vector d\(\vec { B } \) is perpendicular to both I \(\vec { dl } \) (pointing current carrying conductor the direction of current flow) and the unit vector and \(\hat{r}\) directed from \(\vec { dl } \) toward point P The equation 1 is used to compute the magnetic field only due to a small elemental length \(\vec { dl } \) of the conductor. The net magnetic field at P due to the conductor is obtained from principle of superposition by considering the contribution from all current elements I \(\vec { dl } \). Hence integrating equation (1), we get
\(\vec { B } \) = ∫ d\(\vec { B } \) = \(\frac {{ µ }_{0}I}{ 4π }\) ∫ \(\frac { \vec { dl } \times \quad \hat { r } }{ { r }^{ 2 } } \) ……. (2)
where the integral is taken over the entire current distribution.
Case:
1. If the pont P lies on the ckonductor, then θ = 0°. Therefore, d\(\vec { B } \) is zero.
2. If the point lies perpendicular to the conductor, then θ = 90°. Therefore, d\(\vec { B } \) is maximum and is given by d\(\vec { B } \) = \(\frac { I dl }{{ r }{2}}\) \(\hat{n}\).
where \(\hat{n}\) is the unit vector perpendicular to both I \(\vec { dl } \) and \(\hat{r \).

Question 5.
Write down the difference between Coulomb’s Law and Biot-Savart Law
Answer:

Question 6.
Obtain an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.
Answer:
Magnetic dipole moment of revolving electron:
Suppose an electron undergoes circular motion around the nucleus. The circulating electron in a loop is like current in a circular loop (since flow of charge is current). The magnetic dipole moment due to current carrying circular loop is

\(\vec { µ } \)_L = \(\overrightarrow { A } \) ….. (1)
In magnitude, µ = I A
If T is the time period of an electron, the current due to circular motion of th electron is
I = \(\frac { -e }{ T }\) ……. (2)
where -e is the charge of an electron. If R is the radius of the circular orbit and v is the velocity of the electron in the circular orbit, then
T = \(\frac { 2πR }{ v }\) …… (3)
Using equation (2) and equation (3) in equation (1), we get
µ_L = –\(\frac{\frac{e}{2 \pi \mathrm{R}}}{v}\) πR² = \(\frac { evR }{ 2 }\) ……. (4)
Where A = πR² is the area of the circular loop. By definetion, angular moment of the electron about O is
\(\overrightarrow { L } \) = \(\overrightarrow { R } \) x \(\overrightarrow { P } \)
In magnitude,
L = PR = mvR …….. (5)
Using equation (4) and equation (5), we get
\(\frac { { \mu }_{ L } }{ L } \) = –\(\frac { evR }{ \frac { 2 }{ mvR } } \) = \(\frac { e }{ 2m }\) \(\overrightarrow { L } \) ……. (6)
The negative sign indicates that the magnetic moment and angular momentum are in opposite direction.
In magnitude,
\(\frac { { \mu }_{ L } }{ L } \) = \(\frac { e }{ 2m }\) = \(\frac{1.60 \times 10^{-19}}{2 \times 9.11 \times 10^{-31}}\) = 0. 0878 x 10¹²
\(\frac { { \mu }_{ L } }{ L } \) = 8.78 x 10¹⁰ C kg^-1 = content
The ration \(\frac { { \mu }_{ L } }{ L } \) is a constant and also known as gyro-magnetic ration \(\frac { { \mu }_{ L } }{ L } \). It must be noted that the gyro-magnetic ratio is a constant of proportionality which connects angular momentum of the electron and the magnetic moment of the electron. According to Neil’s Bohr quantization rule, the angular momentum of an electron moving in a stationary orbit is quantized, which means,
l = nh = n \(\frac { h }{ 2π }\)
where, h is the planck’s constant (h = 6.63 x 10^-34 J s) and number n takes natural numbers (i.e., n = 1,2,3,…..). Hence,

µ_L = n x 9.27 x 10^-24 A m²
The minimum magnetic moment can be obtained by subsituting by sustituting n = 1,
µ_L = n x 9.27 x 10^-24 A m² = 9.27 x 10^-24 J T^-1 = (µ_L)_min = µ_B
Where, µ_B = \(\frac { eh }{ 4πm }\) = 9.27 x 10^-24 A m²
is called Bohr magneton. This is a convenient unit with which one can measure atomic magnetic moments.

Question 7.
Apply Ampere’s Circuital Law to find the magnetic field both inside and outside of a toroidal solenoid.

Answer:
A solenoid is bent in such a way its ends are joined together to form a closed ring shape, is called a toroid. The magnetic field has constant magnitude inside the toroid whereas in the interior region (say, at point P) and exterior region (say, at point Q), the magnetic field is zero.

(a) Open space interior to the toroid:
Let us calculate the magnetic field B_p at point P. We construct an Amperian loop 1 of radius r₁ around the point P. For simplicity, we take circular loop so that the length of the loop is its circumference.

L₁ = 2π₁
Ampere’s circuital law for the loop 1 is

Scince, the loop 1 encloses no current, I_enclosed = 0

This is possible only if the magnetic field at point P vanishes i.e.
\(\vec { B } \)_p = 0

(b) Open space exterior to the toroid:
Let us calculate the magnetic field B_Q at point Q. We construct an Amperian loop 3 of radius r₃ around the point Q. The length of the loop is L₃= 2πr₃ Ampere’s circuital law for the loop 3 is

Since, in each turn of the toroid loop, current coming out of the plane of paper is cancelled by the current going into the plane of paper. Thus, I_enclosed = 0

This is possible only if the magnetic field at point Q vanishes i.e. \(\vec { B } \)_Q = 0

(c) Inside the toroid:
Let us calculate the magnetic field B_S at point S by constructing an Amperian loop 2 of radius r₂ around the point S. The length of the loop is L₂= 2πr₂ Ampere’s circuital law for the loop 2 is

Let I be the current passing through the toroid and N be the number of turns of the toroid, then I_enclosed = NI

The number of turns per unit length is n = \(\frac { n }{{ 2πr }_{2}}\) then the magnetic field at point S is B_S = μ₀nI

Question 8.
Obtain an expression for force on a moving charge in a magnetic field.
Answer:
When an electric charge q is moving with velocity \(\vec { v } \) in the magnetic field \(\vec { B } \), it experiences a force, called magnetic force \(\vec { F } \)_m. After careful experiments, Lorentz deduced the force experienced by a moving charge in the magnetic field \(\vec { F } \)_m

\(\vec { F } \)_m = q(\(\vec { v } \) x \(\vec { B } \)) ……. (1)
In magnitude, F_m=qvB sin θ ……. (2)
The equations (1) and (2) imply

1. \(\vec { F } \)_m is directly proportional to the magnetic field \(\vec { B } \)
2. \(\vec { F } \)_m is directly proportional to the velocity \(\vec { v } \)
3. \(\vec { F } \)_m is directly proportional to sine of the angle between the velocity and magnetic field
4. \(\vec { F } \)_m is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge q
5. The direction of \(\vec { F } \)_m is always perpendicular to \(\vec { v } \) and g as \(\vec { F } \)_m is ti’e cross product of \(\vec { v } \) and \(\vec { B } \)
6. The direction of jprn is on negative charge is opposite to the direction of F charge provided other factors are identical.
7. If velocity v of the charge q is along magnetic field \(\vec { B } \) then, \(\vec { F } \)_m is zero.

Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Numerical Problems

Question 1.
The radius of the first orbit of hydrogen atom is 0.5 Å. The electron moves in an orbit with a uniform speed of 2.2 x 10⁶ ms^-1. What is the magnetic field produced at the centre of the nucleus due to the motion of this electron? Use µ₀ = 4π x 10^-7 Hm^-1 and electric charge = 1.6 x 10^-19C
Solution:
Here, r = 0.5 Å = 0.5 x 10^-10m
v = 2.2 x 10⁶ ms^-1
Period of revolution of electron

= 1.12 x 10^-3 A
Magnetic field produced at the centre of the nucleus,

B = 14. 07 T

Question 2.
A positive charge of 1.5 µC is moving with a speed of 2 x 10^-6 ms^-1 along the positive X-axis. A magnetic field, \(\overrightarrow { B } \) = (o.2 \(\hat{j}\) + 0.4 \(\hat{k}\)) tesla acts in space. Find the magnetic force acting on the charge.
Solution:
Here q = 1.5 µC = 1.5 x 10^-6C
\(\vec { v } \) = 2 x 10^-6 \(\hat{i}\) ms^-1 ; \(\overrightarrow { B } \) = (o.2 \(\hat{j}\) + 0.4 \(\hat{k}\)) T
Magnetic force on the positive charge is
\(\vec { F } \) = (\(\vec { v } \) x \(\overrightarrow { B } \))
= 1.5 x 10^-6 [2 x 10⁶\(\hat{i}\) x (o.2 \(\hat{j}\) + 0.4 \(\hat{k}\))]
3.0 [o.2 \(\hat{j}\) x \(\hat{j}\) + 0.4 \(\hat{i}\) x \(\hat{k}\)]
= (0.6 \(\hat{k}\) – 1.2 \(\hat{j}\)) N
[∴ i x \(\hat{j}\) = \(\hat{k}\), \(\hat{i}\) x \(\hat{k}\) = –\(\hat{j}\)]

Question 3.
Copper has 8.0 x 10²⁸ electrons per cubic meter carrying a current and lying at right angle to a magnetic field of strength 5 x 10^-3 T. experiences a force of 8.0 x 10^-2 N. Calculate the drift velocity of free electrons in the wire.
Solution:
n = 8 x 10²⁸ m^-3 ; l = lm
A= 8 x 10²⁸ m^-2 ; e = 1.6 x 10^-9C
Total charge contained in the wire
q = volume of wire x ne = Alne = 8 x 10^-6 x 1 x 8 x10²⁸ x 1.6 x 10^-19C = 102.4 x 10³ C
If v_d is the drift speed of electrons, then
F = qv_d B sin 90° = qv_d B
∴ v_d = \(\frac { F }{ qB }\) = \(\frac{8.0 \times 10^{-2}}{102.4 \times 10^{3} \times 5 \times 10^{-3}}\) ms^-1
v_d = 1.56 x 10^-4 ms^-1

Question 4.
An electron is moving at 10⁶ ms^-1 in a direction parallel to a current of 5A flowing through an infinitely long straight wire, separated by a perpendicular distance of 10cm in air. Calculate the magnitude of the force experienced by the electron.
Solution:
Magnetic field of the straight wire carrying a current of 2 A, at a distance of 10cm or 0. lm from it is
B = \(\frac {{ µ }_{0} I}{ 2πr }\) = \(\frac{4 \pi \times 10^{-7} \times 5}{2 \pi \times 0.1}\) = 10^-5T
This field acts perpendicular to the direction of the electron. So magnetic force on the electron is
F = qv B sin 90° = 1.6 x 10^-19 x 10⁶ 10^-5 x 1
F = 1.6 x 10^-18 N

Common Errors and Its Rectifications

Common Errors:

1. Students may not know about arrow mark in the figures, (diagram)
2. Students wrongly mention the unit of magnetic induction. Eg. 0.5 x 10^-5 Tesla. Most of the children makes the mistakes in this area.
3. Student may confuse the direction of current versus produced magnetic induction.

Rectifications:

1. Arrow mark is importance to show where the electric and magnetic fields are directed.
2. The correct unit of magnetic induction of T (or) tesla.
3. If the current moves in upward the magnetic induction is anti-clock. If the current in downward, the magnetic induction is clockwise.