Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology Solutions Chapter 9 Locomotion and Movement

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology Solutions Chapter 9 Locomotion and Movement

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology Locomotion and Movement Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Textbook Evaluation Solved
Question 1.
Muscles are derived from ………………..
(a) Ectoderm
(b) Mesoderm
(c) Endoderm
(d) Neuro ectoderm
Answer:
(b) Mesoderm

Question 2.
Muscles are formed by …………………
(a) Myocytes
(b) Leucocytes
(c) Osteocytes
(d) Lymphocytes
Answer:
(a) Myocytes

Question 3.
The muscles attached to the bones are called …………………
(a) Skeletal muscle
(b) Cardiac muscle
(c) Involuntary muscle
(d) Smooth muscles
Answer:
(a) Skeletal muscle

Question 4.
Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones by ………………….
(a) Tendon
(b) Ligament
(c) Pectin
(d) Fibrin
Answer:
(a) Tendon

Question 5.
The bundle of muscle fibres is called ………………….
(a) Myofibrils
(b) Fascicle
(c) Sarcomere
(d) Sarcoplasm
Answer:
(b) Fascicle

Question 6.
The pigment present in the muscle fibre to store oxygen is ……………………
(a) Myoglobin
(b) Troponin
(c) Myosin
(d) Actin
Answer:
(a) Myoglobin

Question 7.
The functional unit of a muscle fibre is …………………..
(a) Sarcomere
(b) Sarcoplasm
(c) Myosin
(d) Actin
Answer:
(a) Sarcomere

Question 8.
The protein present in the thick filament is …………………
(a) Myosin
(b) Actin
(c) Pectin
(d) Leucin
Answer:
(a) Myosin

Question 9.
The protein present in the thin filament is ……………….
(a) Myosin
(b) Actin
(c) Pectin
(d) Leucin
Answer:
(b) Actin

Question 10.
The region between two successive Z-discs is called a …………………
(a) Sarcomere
(b) Microtubule
(c) Myoglobin
(d) Actin
Answer:
(a) Sarcomere

Question 11.
Each skeletal muscle is covered by …………………
(a) Epimysium
(b) Perimysium
(c) Endomysium
(d) Hypomysium
Answer:
(a) Epimysium

Question 12.
Knee joint is an example of ………………..
(a) Saddle joint
(b) Hinge joint
(c) Pivot joint
(d) Gliding joint
Answer:
(b) Hinge joint

Question 13.
Name of the joint present between the atlas and axis is ……………….
(a) Synovial joint
(b) Pivot joint
(c) Saddle joint
(d) Hinge joint
Answer:
(b) Pivot joint

Question 14.
ATPase enzyme needed for muscle contraction is located in ………………
(a) Actinin
(b) Troponin
(c) Myosin
(d) Actin
Answer:
(c) Myosin

Question 15.
Synovial fluid is found in ……………..
(a) Ventricles of the brain
(b) Spinal cord
(c) Immovable joint
(d) Freely movable joints
Answer:
(d) Freely movable joints

Question 16.
Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals is called as ……………..
(a) Gout
(b) Myasthenia gravis
(c) Dsteoporosis
(d) Osteomalacia
Answer:
(a) Gout

Question 17.
Acetabulum is located in ……………..
(a) Collar bone
(b) Hip bone
(c) Shoulder bone
(d) Thigh bone
Answer:
(b) Hip bone

Question 18.
Appendicular skeleton is ………………..
(a) Girdles and their limbs
(b) Vertebrae
(c) Skull and vertebral column
(d) Ribs and sternum
Answer:
(a) Girdles and their limbs

Question 19.
The type of movement exhibited by the macrophages are …………………
(a) Flagellar
(b) Ciliary
(c) Muscular
(d) Amoeboid
Answer:
(d) Amoeboid

Question 20.
The pointed portion of the elbow is ………………….
(a) Acromion process
(b) Glenoid cavity
(c) Olecranon process
(d) Symphysis
Answer:
(c) Olecranon process

Question 21.
Name the different types of movement?
Answer:

1. Amoeboid movement
2. Ciliary movement
3. Flagellar movement
4. Muscular movement

Question 22.
Name the filaments present in the sarcomere?
Answer:

• Thick filament
• Thin filaments

Question 23.
Name the contractile proteins present in the skeletal muscle?
Answer:
Actin and myosin are contractile proteins present in the skeletal muscle.

Question 24.
When describing a skeletal muscle, what does “striated” mean?
Answer:
The striations in the skeletal muscle mean the dark a band s and the light I band.

Question 25.
How does an isotonic contraction take place?
Answer:
In isometric contraction, the length of the muscle does not change but the tension of the muscle changes.
(eg) Pushing against a wall holding a heavy bag.

Question 26.
How does an isometric contraction take place?
Answer:
In isometric contraction, the length of the muscle does not change but the tension of the muscle changes. The force produced is changed, e.g., pushing against a wall, holding a heavy bag.

Question 27.
Name the bones of the skull?
Answer:
The skull is composed of two sets of bones – cranial and facial bones. It consists of 22 bones of which 8 are cranial bones and 14 are facial bones.

Question 28.
Which is the only jointless bone in the human body?
Answer:
The jointless bone is the hyoid bone in our throat. The hyoid bone (lingual bone) is a horseshoe.

Question 29.
List the three main parts of the axial skeleton?
Answer:
The skull, the vertebral column and the ribcage are the three main parts of the axial skeleton.

Question 30.
How is tetany caused?
Answer:
Tetany is caused when rapid muscle spasms occur in the muscles due to deficiency of parathyroid hormone resulting in reduced calcium levels in the body.

Question 31.
How does rigor mortis happen?
Answer:
After the death of an individual, the muscle is in a contractile position due to the depletion of ATP that is digested by a lysosomal enzyme called rigor mortis.

Question 32.
What are the different types of rib bones that form the rib cage?
Answer:
Thoracic vertebrae ribs and sternum together constitute the ribcage.

Question 33.
What are the bones that make the pelvic girdle?
Answer:
Ilium, ischium and pubis make the pelvic girdle.

Question 34.
List the disorders of the muscular system?
Answer:

1. Myasthenia gravis
2. Tetany
3. Muscle fatigue
4. Atrophy
5. Muscle pull
6. Muscular dystrophy

Question 35.
Explain the sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction?
Answer:
Andrew F.Huxley and Rolf Niedergerke proposed the sliding filament theory to explain muscle contraction. According to this theory, overlapping actin and myosin filaments of fixed length slide past one another in an energy-requiring process, resulting in muscle contraction.

Question 36.
What are the benefits of regular exercise?
Answer:

• The muscles used in exercise grow larger and stronger.
• The resting heart rate goes down.
• More enzymes are synthesized in the muscle fibre.
• Ligaments and tendons become stronger.
• Joints become more flexible.
• Protection from a heart attack.
• Influences hormonal activity.
• Improves cognitive functions.
• Prevents Obesity.
• Promotes confidence, esteem.
• Aesthetically better with a good physique.
• Overall well-being with good quality of life.
• Prevents depression, stress, and anxiety

In-Text Questions Solved

Question 1.
Which myofilament has the binding sites for calcium? Name the specific molecule that binds with calcium?
Answer:
Actin filament has the binding sites for calcium. Troponin binds to calcium on thin filaments.

Question 2.
All muscles produce movement, but only skeletal muscle is responsible for locomotion. What is meant by this statement?
Answer:
All the muscles, skeletal, smooth, and cardiac, produce movement. Smooth muscles control the activities of internal organs like the intestine, stomach, lungs, bladder, etc. and their actions are involuntary. Cardiac muscles help in the functioning of the heart. But only skeletal muscles are responsible for locomotion.

Locomotion is affected by both bones and muscles attached to the bones and takes place by the coordination between muscular contraction and relaxation and the skeletal system. Moreover, the functioning of those skeletal muscles is voluntary.

Question 3.
The pelvic girdle is a heavy, strong girdle. How does its structure reflect its function?
Answer:
The pelvic girdle is a heavy structure specialized for weight-bearing. This feature enables it to connect the trunk and the legs, support and balance the trunk, and contain and supports the intestines, the urinary bladder, and the internal sex organs.

Question 4.
An exhausted student was attending a lecture. After 30 minutes or so, he lost interest and he let go with a tremendous yawn. To his great distress he couldn’t close his mouth -his lower jaw was locked open. What do you think would have caused it?
Answer:
When he opened his mouth very wide, the mandibular condyle might have slid forward to the point that the joint might have got dislocated.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology Locomotion and Movement Additional Questions & Answers

I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Which of the following is not related to skeletal muscle?
(a) It is attached to the bone
(b) It is striated
(c) It is an involuntary muscle
(d) It brings about movement of the organ
Answer:
(c) It is an involuntary muscle

Question 2.
The skeletal system is derived from
(a) Ectoderm
(b) Endoderm
(c) Mesoderm
(d) Mesoglea
Answer:
(c) Mesoderm

Question 3.
The cytoplasm of the muscle fibre is ……………….
(a) Sarcolemma
(b) Sarcoplasm
(c) Ectoplasm
(d) Endoplasm
Answer:
(b) Sarcoplasm

Question 4.
The thick filament of muscle fibre is made up of ……………….
(a) Actin
(b) Myosin
(c) Tropomyosin
(d) Troponin
Answer:
(b) Myosin

Question 5.
The cranial bones are ………………..
(a) 22
(b) 14
(c) 8
(d) 3
Answer:
(c) 8

Question 6.
Where is the hyoid bone present?
(a) Cranium
(b) Appendicular skeleton
(c) Pectoral girdle
(d) Base of the buccal cavity
Answer:
(d) Base of the buccal cavity

Question 7.
The number of vertebrates is ………………..
(a) 8
(b) 12
(c) 5
(d) 33
Answer:
(d) 33

Question 8.
How many thoracic vertebrates are there?
(a) 7
(b) 12
(c) 5
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 12

Question 9.
Rib cage protects ……………….
(a) Brain
(b) Kidney
(c) Lungs, heart, liver
(d) Heart
Answer:
(c) Lungs, heart, liver

Question 10.
The fore arm bones are the ………………
(a) Tibia and fibula
(b) Radius and ulna
(c) Carpals and metacarpals
(d) Tarsal and metatarsals
Answer:
(b) Radius and ulna

Question 11.
The joint between carpal and metacarpals is ………………..
(a) Pivot joint
(b) Ball and socket joint
(c) Saddle joint
(d) Hinge joint
Answer:
(c) Saddle joint

Question 12.
Which of the following allows movement in only one direction?
(a) Pivot joint
(b) Ball and socket joint
(c) Saddle joint
(d) Hinge joint
Answer:
(d) Hinge joint

Question 13.
Which of the following disorders is related to endocrine gland?
(a) Myasthenia gravis
(b) Tetany
(c) Atrophy
(d) Muscular dystrophy
Answer:
(b) Tetany

Question 14.
Which of the following arthritis is related to protein metabolism?
(a) Osteoarthritis
(b) Rheumatoid arthritis
(c) Gouty arthritis
(d) Osteoporosis
Answer:
(c) Gouty arthritis

Question 15.
Which of the following is deficiency disorder?
(a) Osteoarthritis
(b) Rheumatoid arthritis
(c) Gouty arthritis
(d) Osteoporosis
Answer:
(d) Osteoporosis

II. Fill in the blanks

Question 1.
The sperm cells show …………………… movement.
Answer:
Flagellar

Question 2.
Skeletal muscle is attached to the bone by a bundle of collagen fibres known as ……………………
Answer:
Tendon

Question 3.
The cytoplasm of the muscle fibre is called the ……………………
Answer:
Sarcoplasm

Question 4.
…………………… is a red coloured respiratory pigment of the muscle fibre.
Answer:
Myoglobin

Question 5.
…………………… are the granules of stored glycogen.
Answer:
Glycosomes

Question 6.
…………………… is the functional unit of the skeletal muscle.
Answer:
Sarcomere

Question 7.
The thick filaments are composed of the protein ……………………
Answer:
Myosin

Question 8.
The monomer of the myosin molecule is ……………………
Answer:
Meromyosin

Question 9.
The study of muscle is called ……………………
Answer:
Myology

Question 10.
The junction between the motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre is called the ……………………
Answer:
Neuromuscular junction or motor end plate

Question 11.
When nerve impulse reaches a neuromuscular junction, …………………… is released.
Answer:
Acetylcholine

Question 12.
In …………………… contraction of the length of the muscle changes but the tension remains constant.
Answer:
Isotonic

Question 13.
In …………………… contraction of the length of the muscle does not change but the tension of the muscle changes.
Answer:
Isometric

Question 14.
The oxidative fibres are called as …………………… fibres.
Answer:
Red muscle

Question 15.
Glycolytic fibres or white muscle fibres lack ……………………
Answer:
Myoglobin

Question 16.
The skeletal system is derived from the ……………………
Answer:
Mesoderm

Question 17.
The RBCs and WBCs are produced in the ……………………
Answer:
Bone marrow

Question 18.
The large hole in the temporal bone is the ……………………
Answer:
External auditory meatus

Question 19.
The lower jaw bone is called ……………………
Answer:
Mandible

Question 20.
…………………… is the only bone without any joint.
Answer:
Hyoid bone

Question 21.
The upper jaw is formed of the ……………………
Answer:
Maxilla

Question 22.
…………………… is the large opening found at the posterior base of the skull.
Answer:
Foramen magnum

Question 23.
Through foramen magnum, the medulla oblongata continues as the ……………………
Answer:
Spinal cord

Question 24.
The first vertebra is called the ……………………
Answer:
Atlas

Question 25.
The second vertebra is called the ……………………
Answer:
Axis

Question 26.
The cranium protects the ……………………
Answer:
Brain

Question 27.
…………………… is the flat bone on the midventral line of the thorax.
Answer:
Sternum

Question 28.
The first seven pairs of ribs are called ……………………
Answer:
True ribs/vertebro-sternal

Question 29.
The 11th and 12th pairs of ribs are called as …………………… ribs.
Answer:
Floating /vertebral

Question 30.
The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs are called …………………… ribs.
Answer:
Flase /vertebro-chondral

Question 31.
Rib cage plays a role in ……………………
Answer:
Breathing

Question 32.
…………………… is a depression in the pectoral girdle on which the head of the humerus from the shoulder joint.
Answer:
Glenoid cavity

Question 33.
…………………… is situated at the upper end of the ulna which forms the pointed portion of the elbow.
Answer:
Olecranon process

Question 34.
…………………… is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body.
Answer:
Femur

Question 35.
The head of the femur articulates with the …………………… of the pelvis to form the hip joint.
Answer:
Acetabulum

Question 36.
The bone-forming cells are called ……………………
Answer:
Osteoblasts

Question 37.
The bone destroying cells are called the ……………………
Answer:
Osteoclasts

Question 38.
…………………… cells give rise to the osteoblasts.
Answer:
Osteogenic

Question 39.
The internal bone surfaces are covered with a delicate connective tissue membrane called the ……………………
Answer:
Endosteum

Question 40.
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis …………………… is present.
Answer:
Epiphyseal plate/growth plate

Question 41.
The …………………… are points of contact between the bones.
Answer:
Joints

Question 42.
Sutures of the flat skull bones are …………………… joints.
Answer:
Fibrous

Question 43.
…………………… are the freely movable joints.
Answer:
Synovial joints/Diarthroses joints

Question 44.
Between Atlas and axis …………………… joint is present.
Answer:
Pivot

Question 45.
Between the carpals …………………… joint is present.
Answer:
Plane/gliding

Question 46.
Between the carpal and metacarpal …………………… joint is present.
Answer:
Addle

Question 47.
Between humerus and pectoral girdle …………………… joint is seen.
Answer:
Ball and socket

Question 48.
…………………… is an autoimmune disorder affecting the action of acetylcholine.
Answer:
Myasthenia gravis

Question 49.
The removal of parathyroid gland results in ……………………
Answer:
Tetany

Question 50.
A traumatic pulling of the fibres produces a tear known as ……………………
Answer:
Sprain

Question 51.
…………………… is an inflammatory or degenerative disease that damages the joints.
Answer:
Arthritis

Question 52.
The wearing away of the bone ends of the knees and other movable joints is called ……………………
Answer:
Osteoarthritis

Question 53.
The inflammation of the synovial membranes is known as ……………………
Answer:
Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 54.
Inflammation of joints due to the accumulation of uric acid crystals is known as ……………………
Answer:
Gout

Question 55.
The deficiency of vitamin D and hormonal imbalance cause ……………………
Answer:
Osteoporosis

Question 56.
The deficiency of vitamin D causes …………………… in children.
Answer:
Rickets

Question 57.
The deficiency of vitamin D causes …………………… in adults.
Answer:
Osteomalacia

Question 58.
…………………… increase the breathing and heart rate.
Answer:
Endurance or aerobic activities

Question 59.
…………………… protects us from a heart attack.
Answer:
Exercise

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by locomotion?
Answer:
The movement of organisms from one place to another is called locomotion.

Question 2.
What is ciliary movement?
Answer:
The movement caused by the cilia is ciliary movement, e.g., ciliated epithelial cells of respiratory passage and genital tracts.

Question 3.
What is flagellar movement?
Answer:
The movement due to the lashing of flagella is known as flagellar movement, e.g., sperm cells.

Question 4.
What is muscular movement?
Answer:
The movement of hands, legs, jaws, tongue is caused by the contraction and relaxation of the muscle which is known as a muscular movement.

Question 5.
What is a fascicle?
Answer:
Each muscle is made up of bundles of muscle fibres called fascicles.

Question 6.
What are myofibrils?
Answer:
Each muscle fibre contains hundreds to thousands of rod-like structures called myofibrils that run parallel to its length.

Question 7.
What is epimysium?
Answer:
The connective tissue covering the whole muscle is the epimysium,

Question 8.
How are muscles classified on the basis of the number of mitochondria?
Answer:

• Oxidative fibres – Red muscle fibres, (numerous mitochondria)
• Glycolytic fibres / white muscle fibres (Fewer mitochondria)

Question 9.
What is endomysium?
Answer:
The connective tissue surrounding the muscle fibre is called the endomysium.

Question 10.
Distinguish between voluntary muscle and involuntary muscle.
Answer:

Voluntary muscle	Involuntary muscle
1. The muscle whose functions are under the control of our will is a voluntary muscle.	1. The muscle whose functions are not under the control of our will is the involuntary muscle.
2. It is striated and hence called striated or striped muscle.	2. It has no stripes and hence it is called smooth muscles or unstriped or non-striated muscles.

Question 11.
What is a tendon?
Answer:
Skeletal muscle is attached to the bone by a bundle of collagen fibres known as tendons.

Question 12.
What is myoglobin?
Answer:
Myoglobin is a red-coloured respiratory pigment of the muscle fibre.

Question 13.
What is meant by a hydrostatic skeleton?
Answer:
It is a fluid-filled cavity encircled by muscles. (eg) earthworm.

Question 14.
Give notes on the skull?
Answer:
The skull is composed of two sets of bones cranial and facial bones. It consists of 22 bones, of which 8 are cranial bones 14 are facial bones.

Question 15.
What is sarcomere?
Answer:
The functional unit of the skeletal muscle is known as the sarcomere.

Question 16.
Distinguish between thick filaments and thin filaments?
Answer:

Thick filaments	Thin filaments
1. The thick filaments are composed of the protein myosin.	1. The thin filaments are composed of protein actin.

Question 17.
What is meromyosin?
Answer:
The monomer of the myosin molecule is called meromyosin.

Question 18.
Name the proteins which regulate the contraction of muscles?
Answer:
Actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and troponin.

Question 19.
What is myology?
Answer:
The study of muscle is called myology.

Question 20.
What is meant by the neural canal?
Answer:
Each vertebra has a central hollow portion of the neural canal through which the spinal cord passes.

Question 21.
What are glycolytic fibres?
Answer:
The muscle fibres which contain a few mitochondria but possess a high concentration of glycolytic enzymes and large stores of glycogen are called glycolytic fibres. These lack myoglobin and hence these are pale. These muscle fibres are termed as white muscle fibres.

Question 22.
Why the ribs cage is bicepnalic?
Answer:
It has two articulation surfaces on its dorsal end hence called bicephalic.

Question 23.
Distinguish between exoskeleton and endoskeleton.
Answer:

Exoskeleton	Endoskeleton
1. The rigid hard case present outside the body of animals is the exoskeleton.	1. The rigid support structure found inside the body of vertebrates is the endoskeleton.
2. e.g., Cockroach	2. e.g., Human being

Question 24.
What is a metaphysis?
Answer:
The bone region where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet is called the metaphysis.

Question 25.
What is periosteum?
Answer:
The external surface of the bone is covered by a double-layered membrane called the periosteum. What is endosteum?

Question 26.
What is endosteum?
Answer:
Internal bone surfaces are covered with a delicate connective tissue membrane called the endosteum.

Question 27.
What are floating ribs?
Answer:
The last 11th and 12th pairs of ribs are not connected with the sternum but connected with the vertebral column. Hence called floating ribs.

IV. Give Long Answers

Question 1.
Explain the structure of skeletal muscle fibre?
Answer:

1. Each muscle fibre is thin and elongated.
2. It has multiple oval nuclei beneath sarcolemma.
3. The cytoplasm of the muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm.
4. It contains glycosomes, the stored glycogen granules, myoglobin, respiratory pigment, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
5. Actin and myosin are muscle proteins present in the muscle fibre.
6. Each myofibril has a repeated series of dark and light bands called A-bands and I-bands.
7. Each dark band has a lighter region in its middle called the H-zone.
8. Each H-zone is bisected vertically by a dark line called the M-line.
9. Each light I-band has a darker mid line area called the Z-disc.
10. The sarcomere is the functional unit of the skeletal muscle. It is a region of a myofibril between two successive Z-discs.
11. Sarcomere has thick and thin filaments. The thick filaments extend the entire length of the A-band, the thin filaments extend across the I-band and partly into the A-band.
12. The invagination of the sarcolemma forms transverse tubules (T-tubules) and they penetrate into the junction between the A and I-bands.

Question 2.
Write the schematic presentation of muscle contraction?
Answer:

Question 3.
Explain the structure of contractile proteins?
Answer:
The thick filaments of the muscle has the protein mysoin. Each myosin molecule is made up of a monomer called meromyosin. It has a globular head, a short arm and a tail. The short arm constitutes the heavy meromyosin (HMM). The tail portion forms the light meromyosin (LMM). The head bears an actin-binding site and an ATP- binding site. It also contains ATPase enzyme that split ATP to generate energy for the contraction of muscle.

The thin filaments are composed of two intertwined actin molecules. It has polypeptide subunits called globular actin or G-actin and filamentous form or F-actin.

Each thin filament is made of two F-actins helically wound to each other. Each F-actin is a polymer of monomeric G-actins. Tropomyosin and troponin are other proteins which help in regulating the contraction of muscles along with actin and myosin.

Question 4.
Explain the types of skeletal muscle fibres?
Answer:
Skeletal muscle fibres are classified into three types. They are:

1. Slow – oxidative fibres
2. Fast – oxidative fibres
3. Fast – glycolytic fibres

1. Slow-oxidative fibres have low rates of myosin ATP hydrolysis but have the ability to make large amounts of ATP. These fibres are used for prolonged, regular activity such as long distance swimming. Long – distance runners have a high proportion of these fibres in their leg muscles.

2. Fast – oxidative fibres have high myosin ATPase activity and can make large amounts of ATP. They are particularly suited for rapid actions.

3. Fast – glycolytic fibres have myosin ATPase activity but cannot make as much ATP as oxidative fibers, because their source of ATP is glycolysis. These fibres are best suited for rapid, intense actions, such as short sprint at maximum speed.

Question 5.
Write the functions of the skeletal system?
Answer:
Functions of skeletal system

1. Support -It forms a rigid framework and supports the weight of the body against gravity.
2. Shape – It provides and maintains the shape of the body.
3. Protection – It protects the delicate internal organs of the body.
4. Acts as reservoir – It stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate. Fat (triglyceride) is stored in yellow bone marrow and represents a source of stored energy for the body.
5. Locomotion – It acts as lever along with the muscles attached to it.
6. Strength – It can withstand heavy weight and absorbs mechanical shock.
7. Asa haemopoietic tissue – Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of the ribs, spongy bones of vertebrae and extremities of long bones.

Question 6.
List the functions of the skeletal system.
Answer:

• Support – It forms a rigid framework and supports the weight of the body against gravity.
• Shape – It provides and maintains the shape of the body.
• Protection – It protects the delicate internal organs of the body.
• Acts as reservoir – It stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate. Fat (Triglyceride) is stored in the yellow bone marrow and represents a source of stored energy for the body.
• Locomotion – It acts as lever along with the muscles attached to it.
• Strength – It can withstand heavyweight and absorbs mechanical shock.
• As a haemopoietic tissue – Red and White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of the ribs, spongy bones of vertebrae and extremities of long bones.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the vertebral column?
Answer:
Vertebral column is also called the back bone. It consists of 33 serially arranged vertebrae which are interconnected by cartilage known as intervertebral disc. The vertebral column extends from the base of the skull to the pelvis and forms the main frame work of the trunk. The vertebral column has five major regions.

They are, the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum (5 sacral vertebrae found in the infant which are fused to form one bone in the adult) and coccyx (4 coccygeal vertebrae found in the infant which are fused to form one bone in the adult).

Each vertebra has a central hollow portion, the neural canal, through which the spinal cord passes. The first vertebra is called as the atlas and the second vertebra is called as the axis. Atlas is articulated with the occipital condyles. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head and serves as the point of attachment for the ribs and musculature of the back.

Question 8.
Give notes on skeletal arthritis?
Answer:
Arthritis: It is an inflammatory or degenerative disease that damages the joints.

1. Osteoarthritis:

• The bone ends of the knee and other freely movable joints wear away as a person ages.
• The joints of the knee hip fingers and vertebral column are affected.

2. Rheumatoid arthritis:

• The synovial membranes inflammed and there is an accumulation of fluid in the joints.
• The joints swell and become extremely painful.
• It can begin at any age but symptoms usually emerge before the age of fifty.

3. Gouty arthritis or gout:

• Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals or inability to excrete it.
• It gets deposited in synovial joints.

Question 9.
Write a note on the Pectoral girdle?
Answer:
The upper limbs are attached to the pectoral girdles. These are very light and allow the upper limbs a degree of mobility not seen anywhere else in the body. The girdle is formed of two halves. Each half of the pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle or collar bone and a scapula.

The scapula is a large, thin, triangular bone situated in the dorsal surface of the ribcage between the second and seventh ribs. It has a slightly elevated ridge called the spine which projects as a flat, expanded process called the acromion. The clavicle articulates this process.

Below the acromion is a depression called the glenoid cavity which articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint. Each clavicle is a long slender bone with two curvatures which lie horizontally and connect the axial skeleton with the appendicular skeleton.

Question 10.
Write a note on the bones of the upper limb?
Answer:
The upper limb consists of 30 separate bones and is specialized for1 mobility. The skeleton of the arm, the region between the shoulder and elbow is the humerus. The head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula and forms the shoulder joint. The distal end of the humerus articulates with the two forearm bones the radius and ulna. The forearm is the region between the elbow and the wrist.

Olecranon process is situated at the upper end of the ulna which forms the pointed portion of the elbow. The hand consists of carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. Carpals, the wrist bones, 8 in number are arranged in two rows of four each.

The anterior surface of the wrist has a tunnel-like appearance, due to the arrangement of carpals with the ligaments. This tunnel is termed a carpal tunnel. Metacarpals, the palm bones are 5 in number, and phalanges the bones of the digits are 14 in number.

Question 11.
Explain the structure of Pelvic Girdle?
Answer:
The pelvic girdle is a heavy structure specialized for weight-bearing. It is composed of two hip bones called coxal bones that secure the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. Together, with the sacrum and coccyx, the hip bones form the basin-like bony pelvis.

Each coxal bone consists of three fused bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis. At the point of fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis a deep hemispherical socket called the acetabulum is present on the lateral surface of the pelvis.

It receives the head of the femur or thigh bone at the hip joint and helps in the articulation of the femur. Ventrally the two halves of the pelvic girdle meet and form the pubic symphysis containing fibrous cartilage..

The ilium is the superior flaring portion of the hip bone. Each ilium forms a secure joint with the sacrum posteriorly. The ischium is a curved bar of bone.

The V-shaped pubic bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis. The pelvis of male is deep and narrow with larger heavier bones and the female is shallow, wide and flexible in nature, and this helps during pregnancy which is influenced by female hormones.

Question 12.
Write a note on the bones of lower limb?
Answer:
The lower limb consists of 30 bones which carries the entire weight of the erect body and is subjected to exceptional forces when we jump or run. The bones of the lower limbs are thicker and stronger than the upper limbs.

The three segments of each lower limb are the thigh, the leg or the shank, and the foot. The femur is the single bone of the thigh. It is the largest, longest and strongest bone in the body.

The head of femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint. Two parallel bones, the tibia, and fibula, form the skeleton of the shank.

A thick, triangular patella forms the knee cap, which protects the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of thigh muscles acting across the knee. The foot includes the bones of the ankle, the tarsus, the metatarsus, and the phalanges or toe bones.

The foot supports our body weight and acts as a lever to propel the body forward while walking and running. The tarsus is made up of seven bones called tarsals. The metatarsus consists of five bones called metatarsals. The arrangement of the metatarsals is parallel to each other. There are 14 phalanges in the toes which are smaller than those of the fingers.

Question 13.
Explain the structure of a typical long bone?
Answer:
A typical long bone has a diaphysis, epiphyses and membranes. A tubular diaphysis or shaft, forms the long axis of the bone. It is constructed of a thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a central medullary cavity or marrow cavity. The epiphyses are the bone ends.

Compact bone forms the exterior of epiphyses and their interior contains spongy bone with red marrow. The region where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet is called the metaphysis. The external surface of the entire bone except the joint surface is covered by a double-layered membrane called the periosteum.

The outer fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissue. The inner osteogenic layer consists of osteoblasts (bone- forming cells) which secrete bone matrix elements and osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells). In addition, there are primitive stem cells, osteogenic cells, that give rise to the osteoblasts.

The periosteum is richly supplied with nerve fibres, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. Internal bone surfaces are covered with a delicate connective tissue membrane called the endosteum. The endosteum covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals that pass through the compact bone. It also contains both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Between the epiphysis and diaphysis epiphyseal plate or growth plate is present.

Question 14.
What are joints?
Answer:
The joints are points of contact between bones.

Question 15.
Explain the types of joints?
Answer:
(I) Fibrous joints or Synarthroses: They are immovable fixed joints in which no movement between the bones is possible. Sutures of the flat skull bones are fibrous joints.

(II) Cartilaginous joints or Amphiarthroses: They are slightly movable joints in which the joint surfaces are separated by a cartilage and slight movement is only possible, e.g., Joints of adjacent vertebrae of the vertebral column.

(III) Synovial joints or Diarthroses joints: They are freely movable joints, the articulating bones are separated by a cavity which is filled with synovial fluid e.g., Pivot joint – between atlas and axis plane/gliding joint – between the carpals

• Saddle j oint – between the carpal and metacarpal
• Ball and socket joint – between humerus and pectoral girdle
• Hinge joint – knee joint
• Condyloid or angular or ellipsoid-joint between radius and carpal.

Question 16.
Write a short note on myasthenia gravis?
Answer:
Myasthenia gravis: An autoimmune disorder affecting the action of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction leadihg to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscles. Acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma are blocked by antibodies leading to weakness of muscles. When the disease progresses, it can make chewing, swallowing, talking and even breathing difficult.

Question 17.
Explain muscle fatigue?
Answer:
Muscle fatigue is the inability of a muscle to contract after repeated muscle contractions. This is due to lack of ATP and accumulation of lactic acid by anaerobic breakdown of glucose.

Question 18.
Explain muscle atrophy?
Answer:
A decline or cessation of muscular activity results in the condition called atrophy which results in the reduction in the size of the muscle and makes the muscle to become weak, which occurs with lack of usage as in chronic bedridden patients.

Question 19.
Write a short note on muscle pull?
Answer:
Muscle pull is actually a muscle tear. A traumatic pulling of the fibres produces a tear known as sprain. This can occur due to sudden stretching of muscle beyond the point of elasticity. Back pain is a common problem caused by muscle pull due to improper posture with static sitting for long hours.

Question 20.
Write a short note on muscular dystrophy?
Answer:
The group of diseases collectively called muscular dystrophy is associated with the progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle fibres, weakening the muscles and leading to death from lung or heart failure. The most common form of muscular dystrophy is called ‘ Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).

Question 21.
Explain the disorders of the skeletal system?
Answer:
Arthritis and osteoporosis are the major disorders of the skeletal system.
1. Arthritis: Arthritis is an inflammatory or degenerative disease that damages the joints. There are several types of arthritis.

(I) Osteoarthritis: The bone ends of the knees and other freely movable joints wear away as a person ages. The joints of knees, hip, fingers and vertebral column are affected.

(II) Rheumatoid arthritis: The synovial membranes become inflamed and there is an accumulation of fluid in the joints. The joints swell and become extremely painful. It can begin at any age but symptoms usually emerge before the age of fifty.

(III) Gouty arthritis or gout: Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals or inability to excrete it. It gets deposited in synovial joints.

2. Osteoporosis: It occurs due to deficiency of vitamin D and hormonal imbalance. The bone becomes soft and fragile. It causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adult females. It can be minimized with adequate calcium intake, vitamin D intake and regular physical. activities.

Question 22.
List the disorder of a muscular system.
Answer:

• Myasthenia gravis
• Muscle fatigue
• Atrophy
• Muscle pull
• Muscular dystrophy