Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 8 Nationalism: Gandhian Phase

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 8 Nationalism: Gandhian Phase

Nationalism: Gandhian Phase Textual Exercise

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Who was arrested during the anti-Rowlatt protests in Amritsar?
(a) Motilal Nehru
(b) Saifuddin Kitchlew
(c) Mohamed Ali
(d) Raj Kumar Shukla
Answer:
(b) Saifuddin Kitchlew

Question 2.
In which session of the Indian National Congress was Non-Cooperation approved?
(a) Bombay
(b) Madras
(c) Lucknow
(d) Nagpur
Answer:
(d) Nagpur

Question 3.
Which among the following was declared as ‘Independence Day’?
(a) 26th January 1930
(b) 26th December 1929
(c) 16th June 1946
(d) 15th January 1947
Answer:
(a) 26th January 1930

Question 4.
When was the first Forest Act enacted?
(a) 1858
(b) 1911
(c) 1865
(d) 1936
Answer:
(c) 1865

Question 5.
On 8 January 1933 which day was observed …………..
(a) Temple Entry Day
(b) Day of Deliverance
(c) Direct Action Day
(d) Independence Day
Answer:
(a) Temple Entry Day

Question 6.
Which Act introduced Provincial Autonomy?
(a) 1858 Act
(b) Indian Councils Act, 1909
(c) Government of India Act, 1919
(d) Govemment of India Act, 1935
Answer:
(d) Govemment of India Act, 1935

Question 7.
Who defeated Pattabhi Sitaramaya, Gandhi’s candidate, and became the President of the Congress in 1939?
(a) Rajendra Prasad
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Subash Chandra Bose
(d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Answer:
(c) Subash Chandra Bose

Question 8.
Where was Gandhi when India attained independence on 15th August 1947?
(a) New Delhi
(b) Ahmedabad
(c) Wardha
(d) Noakhali
Answer:
(d) Noakhali

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. Gandhi was thrown out of the first-class compartment in ………….. station.
2. Gandhi regarded ……………. as his political guru.
3. Khilafat Movement was led by …………….
4. Government of India Act of 1919 introduced …………….. in the provinces.
5. The Civil Disobedience Movement in North West Frontier Province was led by …………….
6. Ramsay Macdonald announced ……………….. which provided separate electorates to the minorities and the depressed classes.
7. ………….. established Congress Radio underground during the Quit India Movement.
8. …………….. coined the term ‘Paksitan’.
Answers:
1. Pietermaritzburg railway
2. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
3. AH Brothers
4. Dyarchy
5. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
6. Communal Award
7. Usha Mehta
8. Choudhry Rahmat Ali

III. Choose the correct statement.

Question 1.
(i) The Communist Party of India was founded in Tashkent in 1920.
(ii) M. Singaravelu was tried in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case.
(iii) The Congress Socialist Party was formed by Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Mino Masani.
(iv) The Socialists did not participate in the Quit India Movement.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (iv) is correct
(d) (i) (ii) and (iii) are correct
Answer:
(d) (i) (ii) and (iii) are correct

Question 2.
(i) Hindustan Republican Army was formed in Kanpur in 1924.
(ii) Ram Prasad Bismil was tried in the Kakori Conspiracy Case.
(iii) Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was formed by Surya Sen.
(iv) Chittagong Armoury Raid was carried out by B.K. Dutt.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (i) and (iii) are correct
(c) (iii) is correct
(d) (iii) and (iv) are correct.
Answer:
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct

Question 3.
Assertion: The Congress attended the First Round Table Conference.
Reason: Gandhi-lrwin Pact enabled the Congress to attend the Second Round Table Conference.
(a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation .
(b) A is correct but R is wrong
(c) A is wrong but R is correct
(d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation
Answer:
(c) A is wrong but R is correct

Question 4.
Assertion: The Congress Ministries resigned in 1939.
Reason: The Colonial government of India entered the war without consulting the elected Congress ministries.
(a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation
(b) A is correct but R is wrong
(c) Both A and R are wrong
(d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation

IV. Match the following.

Answer:
1. (e)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (d)

V. Answer the following briefly.

Question 1.
Describe the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
Answer:

1. To protest against the Rowlatt Act and the arrest of the two prominent local leaders Dr. Saifuddin kitchlew and Dr. Sathyapal at Amritsar a public meeting was arranged on 13^th April 1919 at Jallianwalla Bagh in Amritsar.
2. Thousands of villagers assembled there.
3. General Dyer heard about the gathering, surrounded the place with his troops and an armoured vehicle.
4. The only entrance to the park was blocked.
5. without any warning firing took place for ten minutes till the troops ran out of ammunition.
6. Nearly 379 were killed and more than thousands injured due to stampede.
7. After this incident martial law was declared in Punjab especially in Amritsar.
8. The brutality enraged Indians. This incident made Rabindranath Tagore and Gandhi to renounce and surrender their titles and medal.

Question 2.
Write a note on the Khilafat Movement.
Answer:
After World War I, the Caliph of Turkey, who was considered the head of Muslims all over the world, was given a very harsh treatment. The Khilafat Movement started in support of the Caliph. It was led by Maulana Mohamed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, popularly known as the Ali brothers. It aimed to restore the prestige and power of the Caliphate. Mahatma Gandhi supported the movement and saw it an opportunity to unite the Hindus and the Muslims.

Question 3.
Why did Gandhi withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
On February 5^th 1922 a mass procession was took over by the nationalists and the peasants.

1. Gandhiji advised them not to indulge in any violence. Provoked by the police the people turned in to violence. The angry mob burnt the police station killing 22 policemen.
2. Gandhiji was upset and immediately withdrew the movement.

Question 4.
What was the conflict between the Swarajists and no-changers?
Answer:
In due course of time the Congress got divided into two groups—pro-changers (swarajists) and no-changers. Some of the Congressmen led by Motilal Nehru and C. R. Das wanted to contest the elections and enter the legislature. They argued that the national interest could be promoted by working in the Legislative Councils under Dyarchy and weakening the colonial government from within. These Congressmen were called the pro-changers. On the other hand, no-changers like Vallabhbhai Patel, C Rajagopalachari and other followers of Gandhi wanted to continue non-cooperation with the government.

Question 5.
Why was Simon Commission boycotted?
Answer:
On 8 December 1927, the British Government announced Indian statutory commission to super-wise and bring changes in the functioning of the Government in India, (to review the working of the Government of India Act of 1919 and to further suggest reforms in the administration)

1. The committee composed of seven members headed by Sir John Simon, widely known as “Simon Commission”.
2. No Indian members were there in the committee, Indians felt denial of their right to decide their own constitution. So all sections of India including congress and Muslim league decided to boycott the Simon commission.
3. When the Simon commission came to India they were greeted with flag marches with slogan “Go back Simon” and protest wherever they went.

Question 6.
What is Poorna Swaraj?
Answer:
Some of the Congressmen were not satisfied with dominion status of India and wanted to demand complete independence. In the Congress Session held in Lahore in December 1929 with Jawaharlal Nehru as the President, Poorna Swaraj was declared as the goal. Subsequently, 26 January 1930 was declared as the Independence Day and a pledge was taken all over the country to attain Poorna Swaraj without using any kind of violence.

Question 7.
Write a note on Bhagat Singh.
Answer:

1. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and their comrades reorganized the ‘Hindustan Republican Army’ (HRA) in Punjab.
2. By the influence of socialistic ideals they named it as “Hindustan Socialist Republican Association” in 1928.
3. Bhagat Singh was held responsible for the assassination of ‘Sanders’ a British police officer who lathi charged Lala Laj pat Rai that led to his death.
4. Secondly he along with B. K. Dutt threw a smoke bomb in to the central assembly in 1929 and threw pamphlets shouting Inquilab Zindabadh.
5. He along with Rajaguru was arrested and sentenced to death at the age of 23.
6. Bhagat Singh’s daring and courage inspired many youths across India.

Question 8.
What are the terms of the Poona Pact?
Answer:
The main terms of the Poona Pact were:
(i) The principle of separate electorates was abandoned. Instead, the principle of joint electorate was accepted with reservation of seats for the depressed classes.

(ii) Reserved seats for the depressed classes were increased from 71 to 147. In the Central Legislature 18 per cent of the seats were reserved.

VI. Answer all the questions given under each caption.

Question 1.
Gandhi and Mass Nationalism

(a) Which incident is considered a turning point in the life of Gandhi?
Answer:
The racial discrimination Gandhi had personally in South Africa was a turning point.

(b) Name the works that influenced Gandhi?
Answer:
He was deeply influenced by the works of Tolstoy “The Kingdom of God is within you” Ruskins ‘Unto this last’ and Thoreau’s ‘Civil Disobedience’.

(c) How did Gandhi use satyagraha as a strategy in South Africa?
Answer:
Gandhiji used the strategy of Satyagraha for fighting the issues of immigration and racial discrimination.

(d) What do you know about the Champaran Satyagraha?
Answer:
Champaran Satyagraha ended the oppression of the peasants by the Indigo planters. It gave the object of ‘Civil Disobedience’. The success of champaran Satyagraha made Gandhiji as a leader of mass struggle.

Question 2.
Constructive Programme of Gandhi
(a) What is constructive programme?
Answer:
Programmes that aimed at Khadi promotion, Hindu-Muslim unity and the abolition of untouchability are called constructive programmes.

(b) What did Gandhi exhort the Congressmen to do?
Answer:
He exhorted the Congressmen to go throughout their districts and spread the message of Khaddar, the message of Hindu-Muslim unity, the message of anti-untouchability and take up in hand the youth of the country and make them the real soldiers of Swaraj.

(c) How did Gandhi try to bring about Hindu-Muslim unity?
Answer:
Gandhi tried to bring about Hindu-Muslim unity to strengthen the cause of Swaraj.

(d) What is the contribution of Gandhi towards abolition of untouchability?
Answer:
Gandhiji wanted to abolish untouchability from the country. He undertook an all-India tour called the Harijan Tour. He started the Harijan Sevak Sangh to work for the removal of discriminations. He worked to promote education, cleanliness and hygiene and giving up of liquor among the depressed class. He also launched the Temple Entry Movement.

Question 3.
Subhas Chandra Bose and Ina

(a) How did Subhas Chandra Bose reach Japan?
Answer:
Subhas Chandra Bose made his way and reached Japan on a Submarine.

(b) Who headed the women wing of Indian National Army?
Answer:
The women wing of Indian National Army was headed by captain Lakshmisahgal.

(c) How did Subhas Chandra Bose reorganize the INA?
Answer:
Subhas Chandra Bose reorganized INA in to three brigades: Gandhi Brigade, Nehru Brigade and a women brigade named after Rani of Jhansi.

(d) Name the slogan provided by Subhas Chandra Bose.
Answer:
Subhas Chandra Bose gave the Slogan‘Dilli Chalo’.

VII. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Examine the factors that led to the transformation of Gandhi into a mass leader.
Answer:

1. Gandhi was a person dedicated to the cause of poorest of the poor instantly gained the goodwill of the masses.
2. He visited Champaran (Bihar) for the cause of getting the solution for the peasants and the people suffering under the exploitation of indigo planters.
3. On reaching Champaran he was asked by the police to return back but he refused.
4. He was summoned for trial.
5. The news spread like wildfire and people in thousands swarmed the place in support of Gandhi.
6. Eventually a committee was formed with Gandhi as a member recommended the abolition of the “tinkathia system”. Thus ending the oppression of the peasants by the Indigo planters.
7. His fruitful intervention in Ahmadabad mill strike and kheda Satyagraha helped Gandhi to establish as a leader of mass struggle.
8. His ability to mobilise the common people across the country through truth and Non- violence transformed Gandhi into a mass leader.

Question 2.
Critically examine the Civil Disobedience Movement as the typical example of Gandhian movement.
Answer:
Programmes such as no-base campaigns caught the imagination of the peasants. Gandhi announced a no-tax campaign in Bardoli in February 1922. These movements greatly enhanced Gandhi’s reputation as a national leader, especially the peasants. Gandhi made a nation-wide tour. Wherever he visited there was a bonfire of foreign clothes. Thousands left government jobs, students gave up their studies in large numbers and the lawyers gave up thriving practices. Boycott of British goods and institutions were effective.

The boycott of the Prince of Wales’ visit to India was successful. During this boycott trade unions and workers participated actively. However, Gandhi suddenly withdrew the movement because of the Chauri Chaura incident. On 5 February 1922 a procession of the nationalists in Chauri Chaura, a village near Gorakhpur in present-day Uttar Pradesh provoked by the police turned violent. The mob burnt the police station 22 policemen lost their lives. Gandhi immediately withdrew the movement. Gandhi was arrested and was released only in 1924.

Question 3.
Discuss the reasons behind the partition of India.
Answer:

1. Muslim League was formed mainly to fight for the political rights of the Indian Muslims.
2. Jinnah revived the Muslim League in 1934 with the determination of demanding separate state for Muslims.
3. By 1940 he was demanding a separate nation for Muslims arguing that in Independent India Muslims would lose all political power to the Hindus.
4. The Muslim league dubbed the congress as a Hindu organisation.
5. The British policy of Divide and rule had encouraged the vested interests of the Muslims to exploit the religious differences.
6. Cripps mission declared that it would provide a federal Government and the provinces were divided in to three groups namely.
7. Non – Muslim majority provinces, Muslim majority provinces in the North west and in the North East.
8. This proposal was agreed by both the parties but interpreted it differently.
9. The congress wanted the division temporary but the Muslim league wanted to be permanent.
10. Differences arose between the congress and the Muslim League led to the Hindu – Muslim conflicts bringing the communal violence.
11. Finally Mountbatten plan – Two Nation theory – dividing India in to two states India and Pakistan.
12. Partition of India was the ultimate outcome to split the unity of Independent India.

VIII. Activity

Question 1.
Students can be asked to mark the important places of Gandhian Movement in a map and write a sentence or two about what happened there.

• Amritsar and Lahore: The anti-Rowlatt protest was intense in Punjab, especially in Amritsar and Lahore.
• Delhi: All India Khilafat Conference was held at Delhi in November 1919.
• Calcutta: The Indian National Congress approved the non-cooperation movement in a special session held in Calcutta on September 1920.
• Gorakhpur: On 5 February 1922 a procession of the nationalists in Chauri Chaura, a village near Gorakhpur in present-day Uttar Pradesh provoked by the police turned violent.
• Sabarmati Ashram: At the break of dawn on 12 March 1930 Gandhi set out from Sabarmati Ashram with 78 of its inmates.
• Dandi: At the age of 61 Gandhi covered a distance of 241 miles in 24 days to reach Dandi at sunset on 5 April 1930.
• Vedaranyam: In Tamil Nadu, C. Rajaji led a similar salt march from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam.

Question 2.
Students can be divided into groups and asked to debate the views of Gandhi, Jinnah, B.R. Ambedkar, Revolutionaries and Communists.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Nationalism: Gandhian Phase Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
The unification of the country was brought by the British ……………
(a) Imperialism
(b) Politics
(c) Conquerts
Answer:
(a) Imperialism

Question 2.
Gandhi sailed to England to study.
(a) law
(b) Politics
(c) business
(d) Philosophy
Answer:
(a) law

Question 3.
The religious and social reformers prepared the ground for the rise of …………..
(a) Nationalism
(b) Revolution
(c) Mutiny
Answer:
(a) Nationalism

Question 4.
In South Africa ……………… were treated as coolies.
(a) Gujarathi’s
(b) Indians
(c) South African people
(d) English people
Answer:
(b) Indians

Question 5.
Home – Rule league in Bombay was formed by ………….
(a) Nehru
(b) Tilak
(c) Bharathi
Answer:
(b) Tilak

Question 6.
Towards the end of 19th ……………… century synthetic dyes had forced indigo out of the market.
(a) British
(b) Chinese
(c) German
(d) French
Answer:
(c) German

Question 7.
The slogan adopted during Swadeshi movement was ………….
(a) Go back to Vedas
(b) Vande Mataram
(c) Swaraj is my birth right
Answer:
(b) Vande Mataram

Question 8.
………………… returned his knighthood after the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy for the brutality by the British.
(a) Maulana Mohammed Ali
(b) Mrs. Annie Besant
(c) Motilal Nehru
(d) Rabindranath Tagore
Answer:
(d) Rabindranath Tagore

Question 9.
The first session of the Indian National Congress was chained by …………..
(a) Tilak
(b) A.O. Hume
(c) W.C. Bannerjee
Answer:
(c) W.C. Bannerjee

Question 10.
Khilafat movement came to an end with the abolition of caliphate in:
(a) Isreal
(b) Arabia
(c) Turkey
(d) India
Answer:
(c) Turkey

Question 11.
Dr. Annie Besant was an …………..
(a) English lady
(b) Indian lady
(c) Irish lady
Answer:
(c) Irish lady

Question 12.
In Tamil Nadu C. Rajaji led the salt March from ………………… to vedaranyam
(a) Tanjore
(b) Madurai
(c) Thirunelveli
(d) Tiruchirapalli
Answer:
(d) Tiruchirapalli

Question 13.
Rowlatt Act was passed in …………
(a) 1919
(b) 1917
(c) 1918
Answer:
(a) 1919

Question 14.
Gandhi attended the ………………… held at London in 1931 after Gandhi – Irwin pact was signed.
(a) First Round Table Conference
(b) Second Round Table Conference
(c) Third Round Table Conference
(d) Cabinet mission
Answer:
(b) Second Round Table Conference

Question 15.
C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed ……………… party.
(a) Khadar
(b) DMK
(c) Swarajya
Answer:
(c) Swarajya

Question 16.
To form the interim Government Nehru sought the help of ……………
(a) Abdul Kalam Azad
(b) Jinnah
(c) Salimullah Khan
Answer:
(b) Jinnah

Question 17.
Separate state for Muslims was demanded by ……………
(a) Netaji
(b) Jinnah
(c) Ali brothers
Answer:
(b) Jinnah

Question 18.
In which year, Ahmedabad mill strike took place?
(a) 1916
(b) 1917
(c) 1918
Answer:
(c) 1918

Question 19.
Anti-Rowlatt protest was intense in ……………
(a) Punjab
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Haryana
Answer:
(a) Punjab

Question 20.
The Khilafat Committee meeting was held in ………….
(a) Lucknow
(b) Allahabad
(c) Amritsar
(d) Kanpur
Answer:
(b) Allahabad

Question 21.
The Poona Pact took place between Mahatma Gandhi and …………….
(a) Ambedkar
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Vallabhai Patel
(d) M. N. Roy
Answer:
(a) Ambedkar

Question 22.
Who was sent as Viceroy to India with the specific task of transfer of power?
(a) Sir John Simon
(b) Pethick Lawrence
(c) Sir Strafford Cripps
(d) Lord Mountbatten
Answer:
(d) Lord Mountbatten

II. Fill in the blanks :

1. The Indian National Congress was founded in ………………
2. The congress became divided as …………. and …………….
3. The Moderates and the Extremists joined in the Lucknow session in …………..
4. In the …………… session Jawaharlal Nehru met Gandhiji for the first time.
5. ‘Nethaji’ means …………….
6. The All India Muslim League was formed by a group of Muslim …………… and ……………
7. The Rowlatt Act curbed …………… rights such as the freedom of expression and strengthened powers.
8. Mahatma Gandhi abruptly called off the ………………. movement when it took violent turn.
9. The congress resolved to fight for Puma Swaraj in 1929 under the presidentship of ………………
10. The Quit India Movement started in ………………
11. The programme of Non-cooperation included boycott of foreign goods and spreading the doctrine of ……………….
12. During 1902 the Hindu Mahasabha was gaining popularity under ………………. and the Muslim League under Ali Brothers.
13. In the Congress session held in Lahore in December 1929 with Jawaharlal Nehru as the President, …………….. was declared as the goal.
14. Gandhiji started the Harijan Sevak Sangh to work for the removal of ……………..
15. The All India Congress Committee that met at ………….. on 8 August, 1942 passed the Quit India Resolution demanding immediate ending of the British mle in India.
Answers:
1. 1885
2. Extremist, Moderates
3. 1916
4. Lucknow
5. Leader
6. landlords, nawabs
7. Fundamental
8. Non-cooperation
9. Jawaharlal Nehru
10. 1942
11. Swadeshi
12. Madan Mohan Malaviya
13. Pooma Swaraj
14. discriminations
15. Bombay

III. True or false:

1. Subash Chandra Bose was a moderate nationalist.
2. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre occurred in Amritsar on Baisaki day.
3. The Swadeshi Movement started after the partition of Bengal.
4. Maulan Azad became the major spokes person for the demand for Pakistan.
5. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan also known as Badshah Khan founded the Khudai Khidmatgar.
Answer:
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True

IV. Choose the correct statement.

Question 1.
(i) The Wavell Plan was announced in June 1945.
(ii) It provided for an interim government, with an equal number of Hindus and Muslims in the Viceroy’s Executive Council.
(iii) All portfolios, including war portfolio, was to be held by Indian ministers.
(iv) However, in Shimla Conference, the Congress and the Muslim League could not come to an agreement.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (i) (ii) and (iii) are correct .
(c) (ii) (iii) and (iv) are correct
(d) (i) (ii) and (iv) are correct
Answer:
(d) (i) (ii) and (iv) are correct

Question 2.
Assertion: After the First World War the Caliph of Turkey, who was considered the head of Muslims all over the world, was given a harsh treatment.
Reason: The Khilafat Movement was started in support of the Caliph.
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the right explanation.
(b) A is right but R is wrong.
(c) Both A and R are wrong.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the right explanation
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the right explanation.

V. Match the following.

1.	Surat split	(a)	1905
2.	Swadeshi Movement	(b)	1906
3.	Home Rule Movement	(c)	1907
4.	Minto-Morley Reforms	(d)	1916
5.	Birth of Muslim League	(e)	1909

Answer:
1. (c)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (e)
5. (b)

1.	Motilal Nehru	(a)	Uttar Pradesh
2.	Chauri Chaura	(b)	Swarajya party
3.	Lion of Punjab	(c)	Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
4.	Communal Award	(d)	Lala Lajpat Rai
5.	Frontier Gandhi	(e)	Ramsay Mac Donald

Answer:
1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (e)
5. (c)

1.	Cripp’s Mission	(a)	1922
2.	Cabinet Mission	(b)	1932
3.	The August offer	(c)	1940
4.	Poona Pact	(d)	1942
5.	Chauri Chaura incident	(e)	1946

Answer:
1. (d)
2. (e)
3. (c)
4. (b)
5. (a)

1.	Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa	(a)	1931
2.	Jallianwala Bagh massacre	(b)	1915
3.	No tax campaign in Bardoli	(c)	1919
4.	Third Round Table Conference	(d)	1922
5.	Gandhiji revived the Civil Disobedience Movement	(e)	1932

Answer:
1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (d)
4. (e)
5. (a)

VI. Answer briefly:

Question 1.
Write a brief note on Gandhi’s early life.
Answer:
Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi was bom in a well to do family on 2nd October 1869 at Porbandar.

1. His father was Kaba Gandhi served as Diwan of Porbandar and Rajkot.
2. Mother was putlibai, a devout vaishavite influenced the young Gandhi.
3. After passing matriculation Gandhi sailed to England to study law in 1888.
4. After becoming barrister Gandhi returned to India in June 1891.
5. He strongly believed in British sense of justice and fair play till he experienced racial discrimination by himself.
6. A Gujarati firm sought his service for assistance in a law suit in South Africa, and he left in April 1893 to South Africa.

Question 2.
Name some of the important moderate leaders.
Answer:

• Dadabai Naoroji
• Surendranath Banarjee
• Pheroze Sha Mehta
• Gopala Krishna Gokhale
• M. G. Ranade

Question 3.
What influenced Gandhi to get trained in the path of Satyagraha?
Answer:

1. Gandhi ideas were formed due to a blend of Indian and Western thoughts.
2. He was greatly influenced by western thinkers and was highly critical of western civilisation and industrialisation.
3. He was inspired by writings of Ruskin and established the phoenix settlements and the Tolstoy Farm.
4. These settlements had equality, community living and dignity of labour and formed as training grounds for the Satyagraha.

Question 4.
When and by whom was the Indian National Congress founded?
Answer:
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, a retiree L civil servant.

Question 5.
Write a note on Pro – changers and no – changers of group of congress.
Answer:
In 1923 there was a split in congress namely prochangers and no changers after the suspension of Non – cooperation movement by Gandhi in 1922.

Pro – Changers: The congressmen led by Mothilal Nehru and C.R Das wanted to contest the elections and enter the legislature.

They had the notion that national interest could be promoted by working in the legislative councils under Dyarchy and wreck the colonial Government within.

They effectively used the legislature as a platform for propagation of nationalist ideas.

No. Changers: Staunch followers of Gandhi like Vallabhbhai Patel. C. Rajaji and others who wanted to continue non – cooperation with the Government.

Question 6.
Why was Khilafat Movement started?
Answer:

1. After the defeat of Germany in the first world war, the Turkish empire was broken up.
2. Its territories were shared by British and France.
3. The Sultan of Turkey was humiliated.
4. The Sultan was also the caliph or the religious leader of the Muslims.
5. So the Muslims started the Khilafat Movement.
6. The Ali brothers Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started the Khilafat Movement in India.

Question 7.
Write a note on Direct Action Day call by Muslims.
Answer:

1. Differences arose between congress and Muslim league.
2. When the congress nominated a Muslim member the league argued it was to be sole representative of the Muslim and withdrew its approval.
3. Jinnah declared 16th August 1946 as the “Direct Action Day”.
4. Hartals, and demonstrations took place which soon turned in to Hindu – Muslim conflict.
5. It spread to other districts of Bengal. The worst affected district was ‘ Noakhali.
6. Gandhi left for the worst affected regions bringing the communal violence under control and spread the message of peace and non – violence.

Question 8.
Write about Swaraj party.
Answer:
(i) In order to lead the national movement a section of the nationalist leaders like C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj party in 1923.

(ii) Instead of boycotting the Assemblies there leaders wanted to oppose the British Government from within the legislature.

(iii) It passed the resolution demanding the establishment of a responsible Government in India,

(iv) After the death of C. R. Das the Swaraj party was dissolved.

Question 9.
Who were the members of the Cabinet Mission?
Answer:

1. Pethick Lawrence
2. A.V. Alexander
3. Sir Stafford Cripps

Question 10.
Explain the Communal Award and Poona Pact of 1932.
Answer:

• At the end of the Second Round Table Conference the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced a scheme known as the communal Award.
• It provided separate electorates for the minorities and the depressed classes.
• Dr. Ambedkar accepted it but Gandhiji protested against this and went on a fast into death.
• After the Poona Pact in 1932 Gandhiji’s ended his fast.
• The depressed communities agreed to have joint electorates with adequate representation.

Question 11.
How India was partitioned?
Answer:

• The new state Pakistan comprised of west Punjab, Sind, north west frontier provinces.
• All the remaining provinces remained with the Indian dominion.

Question 12.
Inspired by Ruskin, Gandhiji established two settlements. Write their names and features.
Answer:
Inspired by Ruskin Gandhiji established the Phoenix Settlements in 1905 and the Tolstoy Farm in 1910. Equality, community living and dignity of labour were inculcated in the settlements. They were also the training grounds for the satyagrahis.

Question 13.
Why did Gandhiji support the Khilafat Movement?
Answer:
Gahdhiji supported the Khilafat Movement as he saw it as an opportunity to unite the Hindus and the Muslims.

Question 14.
The Non-cooperation Movement got nation-wide support. Support the statement with valid points.
Answer:
The Non-cooperation Movement was supported by the people of all sections. They boycotted foreign goods and spread the doctrine of Swadeshi. Thousands left government jobs, students gave up their studies in large numbers and the lawyers gave up thriving practices. They also boycotted the Prince of Wales’ visit to India. The trade unions and workers also participated actively.

Question 15.
What were the recommendations of the Nehru Report?
Answer:

1. Dominion status for India
2. Elections of the Central Legislature and the Provincial Legislatures on the basis of joint and mixed electorates
3. Reservation of seats for the Muslims in Central Legislature and in provinces where they are in a minority and for the Hindus in North West Frontier Province where they were in a minority
4. Provision of fundamental rights, and universal adult franchise.

Question 16.
Jinnah was hailed as ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity. What made him change his stand?
Or
Under what circumstances did Jinnah begin to espouse the cause of separate nation for Muslims?
Answer:
Jinnah demanded one-third of seats be reserved for Muslims. But it was rejected in the All Party Conference. Later he proposed a resolution which came to be known as Jinnah’s Fourteen Points. However, it was also rejected. Thereafter, he changed his stand and began to espouse the cause of separate nation for Muslims.

Question 17.
Why did the negotiations between the Cripps Mission and the Congress fail? What did the Cripps Mission offer?
Answer:
The negotiations between the Cripps Mission and the Congress failed because Britain was not willing to transfer of effective power immediately. The Cripps Mission offered:

1. Grant of Dominion Status after the War
2. Indian Princes could sign a separate agreement with the British implying the acceptance for the demand of Pakistan.
3. British control of defence during the War.

VI. Answer all the questions given under each caption:

Question 1.
Factors leading to the rise of National Movement
(a) How did the national leaders inspire the people?
Answer:
They inspired the people with the ideas of self-respect and self-confidence.

(b) When was the Vernacular Press Act passed?
Answer:
The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878.

(c) What was the policy of the British?
Answer:
The British followed the policy of “Divide and Rule”.

(d) How did the British consider the Indians?
Answer:
The British considered the Indians as inferior and uncivilized.

Question 2.
Role of socialists

(a) Who provided the leadership for the Quit India movement when the leaders of congress were in jail?
Answer:
The socialists provided the leadership for the movement in the absence of congress leaders.

(b) Who escaped from the jail and what they did?
Answer:
Jayaprakash Narayan and Ramanand Misra escaped from the prison and organised underground movement.

(c) Who was the women activists who played a heroic role?
Answer:
Aruna Asaf Ali was the woman activists who played a heroic role.

(d) What Gandhi did to stop the atrocities done by the British Government?
Answer:
Gandhi commenced a twenty one day fast in February 1943 which nearly threatened his life.

Question 3.
Extremists
(a) Name the extremists leaders:
Answer:

1. Lokmanya Bala Gangadhar Tilak
2. Bipin Chandra Pal
3. Lala Lajpat Rai
4. Arabind Ghosh

(b) What did Tilak declare?
Answer:
Tilak declared, “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it”.

(c) Name the festivals revived by Tilak?
Answer:
Tilak revived the celebration of “Ganapathi and “Shivaji” festivals.

(d) What was the desire of the militant nationalists?
Answer:
The Militant Nationalists desired to change the aim of the congress and the means to attain it.

Question 4.
Royal indian Navy Revolt

(a) When and where the Royal Indian Navy ratings revolt?
Answer:
In February 1946 at Bombay the Royal Indian Navy ratings revolted.

(b) Where was similar strikes occurred?
Answer:
Strikes occurred in the Indian Air Force and the Indian signal corps Jabalpur.

(c) What was big blow to the imperial power?
Answer:
British surrender in South – East Asia to the Japanese was a big blow to imperial prestige.

(d) What was the effect of this revolt?
Answer:
All political leaders were released and ban on congress was lifted.

Question 5.
The Mount Batten Plan
(a) Who became the Governor General of India in 1947?
Answer:
Lord Mount Batten became the Governor General of India in 1947.

(b) Who was the last British Governor General?
Answer:
Lord Mount Batten was the last British Governor General.

(c) What was Mount Batten Plan?
Answer:
India would be divided into two independent countries namely Indian Union and the Pakistan Union.

(d) What was the reaction of the Congress and Muslim League?
Answer:
Both the Congress and the Muslim League accepted this plan.

Question 6.
Direct Action Day call by Muslim League
(a) What led to a difference between Congress and Muslim League?
Answer:
The nomination of a Muslim member by the Congress led to a difference between Congress and Muslim League.

(b) What was the League’s argument?
Answer:
The League argued it was to be the sole representative of the Muslims and so withdrew its approval.

(c) What happened on the Direct Action Day?
Answer:
Hartals and demonstrations took place which soon turned into Hindu-Muslim communal conflict.

(d) Which district of Bengal was the worst affected? What did Gandhiji do to control the situation?
Answer:
The district of Noakhali was the worst affected. Gandhiji toured the worst affected regions on bare foot spreading the message of peace and non-violence.

Question 7.
Independence and Partition.
(a) Which Act gave effect to the Mount Batten Plan?
Answer:
The Indian Independence Act gave effect to the Mount Batten Plan.

(b) When did the Act come into being?
Answer:
The Act came into being on 18 July 1947.

(c) What changes came with the enactment of the Act?
Answer:
The Act abolished the sovereignty of the British Parliament over India. India was partitioned into two dominions—India and Pakistan.

VII. Answer the following in detail.

Question 1.
Narrate how the tribal groups were affected by the Forest Acts enacted by the British? Who attained martyrdom for the cause of forest dwellers?
Answer:

1. The First Forest Act was enacted by the British in 1865.
2. This act restricted the access of the forest dwellers to the forest areas to collect firewood, cattle fodder and other minor forest produce such as honey seeds, nuts, medicinal herbs.
3. Indian Forest Act of 1878.
4. Claimed that original ownership of forests was with the state.
5. Waste lands and fallow lands were included as forests.
6. Shifting cultivation practiced by the tribal people was prohibited.
7. Alienation of forests from local control was stiffly resisted by the aggrieved tribals and the nationalists.
8. Uprising of adivasis (1922 – 24) organised by Alluri Sitarama Raju in Rampa.
9. He made Adivasi areas – the forest area along the Godawari district Vishakapatnam (Eastern ghats) his home.
10. The Adivasis lived in utter poverty and were harassed by police, forest and revenue officials.
11. The efforts of Raju against corrupt officials to protect the interests of Rampa tribals altered the British to target his life.
12. A special team of Malabar police was sent to suppress the uprising of Rampa Adivasis in 1922 – 24.
13. For the cause of forest dwellers Alluri Sitarama Raju attained martyrdom.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Salt Satyagraha. Causes for the Salt Satyagraha:
Answer:

1. The British Government levied tax on common salt used by millions of people.
2. It hit the poor hard. So Gandhiji started the civil disobedience movement on 12th March 1930
3. This movement is known as Salt Satyagraha or the civil disobedience movement.

Dandi March:

1. Gandhi had 78 chosen followers including Sarojini Naidu left Sabarmathi Ashram to Dandi.
2. It covered nearly a distance of 400 km. Thousands of Indians joined the March.
3. They reached Dandi on 6th April. The slogan “Vande Mathara”, echoed every where Gandhiji broke the salt laws on the same day by preparing salt from sea water.

Results:

1. Gandhiji was arrested and put into the prison.
2. In Tamil Nadu Rajagopalachari organized a march from Trichy to Vedaranyam on Tanjore coast to break the salt laws.

Question 3.
Write a paragraph on Quit India Movement:
Answer:
Quit India Movement – 1942:

1. The failure of Cripps mission brought about a change in Gandhi’s attitude.
2. He felt that non-violent methods so far followed did not yield the desired effect. !*‘) Therefore he asked for the complete withdrawal of the British from India.

Resolution:

1. During the Second World War Japan got victory over victory.
2. The Congress leaders felt that the presence of English in India would naturally invite Japan to invade India.
3. So the congress working committee passed a resolution on 8th August 1942 demanding the immediate withdrawal of the British from India.

Gandhi’s memorable speech:
I am not going to be satisfied with anything short of complete freedom. We shall do or die. We shall either free India or die in the attempt.
Results:

• Gandhiji, Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad and other prominent leaders of the congress were arrested.
• Due to lack of proper leadership violent riots took place everywhere.
• At the end of the Second World War, labour party under Clement Atlee came to power in England. He was the supporter of Indian freedom struggle.
• He withdraw all the prohibitory orders imposed on the Congress by the British and also deputed a mission to find a solution for India’s problem.

Question 4.
Throw light on the Round Table Conferences. How did they disappoint the Congress leaders?
Answer:
The First Round Table Conference was held at London in November 1930 in the midst of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Ramsay MacDonald, the British Prime Minister, proposed a federal government with provincial autonomy. There was a deadlock over the question of separate electorates for the minorities. The Congress did not attend this conference as all its leaders were in jail. So, the conference closed without any result. It was clear that without
‘ Congress participation the discussions were of no value. Gandhiji was released from the jail unconditionally.

The Viceroy Lord Irwin held talks with Gandhiji on 5 March 1931. The British agreed to the demand of immediate release of all political prisoners not involved in violence, return of confiscated land and lenient treatment of the government employees who had resigned. It also permitted the people of coastal villages to make salt and non-violent picketing. The Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and attend the Second Round Table Conference. Gandhiji attended this conference which began on 7 September 1931 but refused to accept separate electorates for the minorities. As a result, the second conference also failed.

On returning to India on 28th December 1931, Gandhiji revived the Civil Disobedience Movement. This time the government was prepared to meet the resistance. So, it enforced martial law and arrested Gandhiji on 4th January 1932. Soon all the Congress leaders were also arrested. Protests and picketing by people were suppressed with force. The national st press was completely banned. In the meantime, the Third Round Table Conference was he id from 17 November to 24 December 1932. The Congress did not participate in the confers ce as it had revived the Civil Disobedience Movement.
IMPORTANT EVENTS AND YEARS:

Year	Events
1915	Gandhiji arrived in India from South Africa
1918	Kheda Satyagraha
1919	Rowlatt Act, Government of India Act, Jalianwala Bagh Massacre
1920	Non Co-operation Movement
1921	Ahmedabad Congress Session
1922	Chauri Chaura incident / Suspension of Non Co-operation movement
1923	Birth of Swaraj Party
1924	Formation of Hindustan Republican Army
1925	Death of C.R. Das / Swaraj Party dissolved
1927	Formation of Simon Commission
1928	Arrival of Simon Commission to India / The Nehru Report
1929	Lahore Congress
1930	Salt Satyagraha / Civil Disobedience Movement / Dandi March / First Round Table Conference
1931	Gandhi Irwin Pact / Second Round Table Conference
1932	Poona Pact / The Communal Award / Third Round Table Conference
1935	Government of India Act
1937	Provincial Elections
1939	Second World War started
1940	Jinnah’s demand for separate nation – Pakistan / August offer
1945	End of Second World War
1946	Arrival of Cabinet Mission / Interim Government under Nehru
1947	Mount Batten Plan / Indian Independence Act / India became independent
1948	Gandhiji assassination
1950	Indian constitution came to force / India became a republic