Search Results for:

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar Articles, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations. Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar Articles

Fill in the blanks with articles

Question 1.
My grandmother, like everybody’s grandmother, was ……………………… old woman. She had been old and wrinkled for ……………………… twenty years that I had known her.
Answer:
an, the

Question 2.
She said her morning prayer in ……………………… monotonous sing-song while she bathed and dressed me up. She used to wake me up in ……………………… morning and get me ready for school.
Answer:
a, the

Question 3.
The priest taught us ……………………… alphabet and ……………………… morning prayer.
Answer:
the, the

Question 4.
That was ……………………… turning-point in our friendship. Although we shared ……………………… same room, my grandmother no longer came to school with me.
Answer:
a, the

Question 5.
I used to go to ……………………… English school in ……………………… motor bus.
Answer:
an, a

Question 6.
There were no dogs in ……………………… streets and she took to feeding sparrows in ……………………… courtyard of our city house.
Answer:
the, the
a, The

Question 7.
When I went for higher studies, I was given ……………………… room of my own ……………………… common link of friendship was snapped.
Answer:
The, the

Question 8.
……………………… sparrows took no notice of ……………………… bread.
Answer:
The, the

Question 9.
Soon after ……………………… Bangkok championship, I was selected in ……………………… 48kg category.
Answer:
the, the

Question 10.
We were confined to ……………………… sports arena, but what little I saw was pleasing to ……………………… eye.
Answer:
the, the

Question 11.
I was ……………………… only one in the team to get ……………………… medal.
Answer:
the, a

Question 12.
On my return, Delhi gave me ……………………… warm welcome at ……………………… airport.
Answer:
a, the

Question 13.
I was felicitated in Langol, ……………………… area that houses ……………………… government quarters.
Answer:
an, the

Question 14.
That first international medal, ……………………… silver, will always mean ……………………… lot to me.
Answer:
a, a

Question 15.
……………………… fight and all that followed are clearly etched in ……………………… memory that can never be erased.
Answer:
The, a

Question 16.
I wanted ……………………… job too, for that alone can bring long-term security and ……………………… steady income.
Answer:
a, a

Question 17.
I had long dreamt of getting ……………………… government job through ……………………… sports quota, and it was finally fulfilled.
Answer:
a, the

Question 18.
……………………… medal haul continued after my marriage, putting ……………………… end to speculation among my family and friends around that particular topic.
Answer:
The, an

Question 19.
I retained ……………………… world title in ……………………… Third World Women’s Boxing Championships at Podolsk in Russia, in 2005.
Answer:
the, the

Question 20.
We were taken to ……………………… Bhagyachandra Open Air Theatre, where ……………………… grand reception was organised.
Answer:
the, a

Question 21.
He can tell you what ……………………… weather was like in ……………………… long-past August and the name of the provincial hotel.
Answer:
the, a

Question 22.
Is it wrong to tell you about ……………………… vile meal during ……………………… summer.
Answer:
a, the

Question 23.
It is only ……………………… very methodical man, I imagine, who can always remember to take ……………………… medicine his doctor has prescribed for him.
Answer:
a, the

Question 24.
……………………… very prospect of ……………………… new and widely advertised cure-all delights me.
Answer:
The, a

Question 25.
……………………… commonest form of forgetfulness, I suppose, occurs in ……………………… matter of posting letters.
Answer:
Then, the

Question 26.
As for myself, anyone who asks me to post ……………………… letter is ……………………… poor judge of character.
Answer:
a, a

Question 27.
After that, it has ……………………… unadventurous life till ……………………… long chain of circumstances leads to a number of embarrassing questions being asked.
Answer:
an, a

Question 28.
I have ……………………… old-fashioned taste for them. I buy them frequently but no-sooner do I visit a friend’s house, another stick is on its way into ……………………… lost world.
Answer:
an, the

Question 29.
I dare not carry ……………………… umbrella for fear of losing it ……………………… ordinary man arrives at his destination with all his bags and trunks safe.
Answer:
an, The

Question 30.
List of articles lost in trains during the year suggests that it is ……………………… young rather ……………………… than adult who forget things.
Answer:
the, the

Students can Download Commerce Chapter 23 Elements of Entrepreneurship Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Solutions Chapter 23 Elements of Entrepreneurship

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Elements of Entrepreneurship Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
Which of the below is a factor of production?
(a) Land
(b) Labour
(c) Entrepreneurship
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 2.
Entrepreneur is not classified as ________
(a) Risk Bearer
(b) Innovator
(c) Employee
(d) Organizer
Answer:
(b) Innovator

Question 3.
What are the characteristics of an entrepreneur?
(a) Spirit of enterprise
(b) Flexibility
(c) Self Confidence
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 4.
Which of the below is not classified into managerial functions?
(a) Planning
(b) Marketing
(c) Organizing
(d) Controlling
Answer:
(c) Organizing

Question 5.
Which of the below is a commercial function?
(a) Accounting
(b) Coordination
(c) Discovery of idea
(d) Planning
Answer:
(a) Accounting

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention any two features of entrepreneurs.
Answer:
Features of Entrepreneurs:

1. Spirit of Enterprise: Entrepreneur should be bold enough to encounter risk arising from the venture undertaken.
2. Self Confidence: Entrepreneur should have a self confidence in order to achieve high goals in the business.

Question 2.
List down the managerial functions of entrepreneurs.
Answer:

1. Planning
2. Organising
3. Directing
4. Controlling
5. Coordination

Question 3.
List down the promotional functions of entrepreneurs.
Answer:

1. Discovery of Idea
2. Determining the business objectives
3. Detailed Investigation
4. Choice of form of enterprise
5. Fullfillment of the formalities
6. Preparation of Business Plan
7. Mobilisation of funds
8. Procurement of Machines and Materials

Question 4.
Define Intrapreneur.
Answer:
Intrapreneur is one who thinks and acts like an entrepreneur for the firm’s development during the course of employment in an organisation.

Question 5.
List the problems faced by the women entrepreneurs.
Answer:
There is a tremendous growth in the women entrepreneurship in India. But there are certain problems met by women entrepreneurs. They are as follows:-

1. Problem of Finance: The external sources of funds for the women is limited because they do not generally own properties in their own name. They are depending on their own savings and small loans from friends and relatives.
2. Lack of Education: Illiterate and semi-literate women entrepreneurs face difficulties in respect of accounts, money matters, marketing and day-to-day operations.
3. Lack of Network Support: The success of business depends on the support of family members, friends and relatives. But it is reported that the women entrepreneurs get very limited support in times of crisis.
4. Stiff Competition: They have to face acute competition for their goods from organised sector and from their male counterparts.
5. Lack of Information: The lack of knowledge or limited knowledge about subsidies, concessions and incentives given by Government will affect the business.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Entrepreneur.
Answer:
The person who establishes business is termed as entrepreneur. The output of an entrepreneurial process ends up in establishing an enterprise.

Question 2.
Distinguish between Entrepreneur and Manager.
Answer:

Basis of difference	Entrepreneur	Manager
Motive	The very motive of an entrepreneur is to start a venture by setting of an entity.	The very motive of manager is to render service in an entity setup for execution of venture.
Status	Entrepreneur is owner of the entity.	Manager is a salaried employee in the entity set up for carrying on the venture.
Risk Bearing	Entrepreneur bears the eventual risk and uncertainty in operating the enterprise.	Manager doesn’t bear any risk in the venture, where the venture is unsuccessful he/she simply quits the enterprise.

Question 3.
List down the commercial functions of Entrepreneur and explain them shortly.
Answer:
Commercial Functions of Entrepreneur:

(i) Production or Manufacturing: Under production function, entrepreneur has to take decision relating to selection of factory site, design and layout, type of products to be manufactured, research and development, product design, etc.

(ii) Marketing: Entrepreneur has to carry out following functions pertaining to marketing aspect namely consumer research, product planning and development, standardisation, packaging, pricing, warehousing, distribution, promotion etc.

(iii) Accounting: Entrepreneur has to arrange to prepare trading and profit and loss account in order to know the profit or loss incurred out of operation of the business and prepare balance sheet to know the financial status of business at a particular day.

(iv) Finance: In the sphere of financial function, an entrepreneur has to take decisions like choosing the right type of financing, framing the best dividend policy, acquiring of funds, efficiently managing fixed and current assets, maximising shareholders wealth and investing of funds efficiently and effectively.

(v) Human Resource Management: Entrepreneur has to estimate the manpower needs of the enterprise and accordingly decide the size of manpower required for various slots of organisational structure.

Question 4.
Explain the promotional functions of entrepreneur.
Promotional Functions of Entrepreneur
Answer:
(i) Discovery of Idea: The first and foremost function of entrepreneur is idea generation. A person may conceive his own ideas or develop the ideas contributed by others. Ideas can be generated through several ways like own experience and exposure of entrepreneur, keen observation of environment, education, training, market survey, environmental scanning and so on.

(ii) Determining the business objectives: Entrepreneur has to develop business objectives in the backdrop of nature of business and type of business activity i.e. nature of business, manufacturing or trading, type of business organisation chosen so that he/she can organise the venture in accordance with the objectives determined by him/her.

(iii) Detailed Investigation: Entrepreneur should investigate commercial feasibility of the product proposed to be produced and conduct market study to ascertain the potential demand for the product.

(iv) Choice of form of enterprise: Entrepreneur has to choose the appropriate form of organisation suited to implement the venture. There are various forms of organisation namely sole proprietor, partnership, company and co-operatives etc. which are in existence.

(v) Fulfilment of the formalities: Having chosen the appropriate type of organisation, entrepreneur has to take necessary steps to establish the form of organisation chosen. As regards sole trader, the formalities are barest minimum. In the case of partnership firm, entrepreneur has to arrange for partnership deed and he has to get the deed registered.

(vi) Preparation of Business Plan: Entrepreneur has to prepare a business plan or project report of the venture that he is proposing to take up.

(vii) Mobilisation of funds: Entrepreneur has to take steps to mobilise capital needed to implement the venture. Entrepreneur has to estimate the fixed capital and working capital required for running the project.

(viii) Procurement of Machines and Materials: Entrepreneur has to locate the various sources of supply of machineries, equipments and materials.

Question 5.
Explain the commercial functions of entrepreneur.
Answer:
(i) Production or Manufacturing: Under production function, entrepreneur has to take decision relating to selection of factory site, design and layout, type of products to be manufactured, research and development, product design, etc. The efficient and effective performance of production function depends on the proper production planning and control to a major extent.

(ii) Marketing: Entrepreneur has to carry out following functions pertaining to marketing aspect namely consumer research, product planning and development, standardisation, packaging, pricing, warehousing, distribution, promotion etc. The term marketing mix denotes the combination of four components namely product, price, promotion and physical distribution in the case of physical products and three more components are included in the case of service products namely people, process and physical evidence.

(iii) Accounting: Entrepreneur has to arrange to prepare trading and profit and loss account in order to know the profit or loss incurred out of operation of the business and prepare balance sheet to know the financial status of business at a particular day. Besides, cash flow and fund flow statements are prepared to ensure the adequacy of funds and cash for meeting various working capital needs of the business.

(iv) Finance: In the sphere of financial function, an entrepreneur has to take decisions like choosing the right type of financing, framing the best dividend policy, acquiring of funds, efficiently managing fixed and current assets, maximising shareholders wealth and investing of funds efficiently and effectively.

(v) Human Resource Management: Entrepreneur has to estimate the manpower needs of the enterprise and accordingly decide the size of manpower required for various slots of organisational structure. After determining the required manpower, the entrepreneur has to organise for recruitment procedure

selecting manpower, induction and training, determining compensation structure and incentives, designing motivation programmes, structuring wellbeing measures for employees, putting in place safety mechanism at workplace, performance evaluation and career advancement and structuring social security programmes.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
How do you classify entrepreneurs?
Answer:
Entrepreneurs are now broadly classified into three groups namely risk bearer, organiser and
innovator.

1. Entrepreneur as a risk bearer : Entrepreneurs acts as an agent combining all factors of production to produce a product or service in order to sell at uncertain price in future.

2. Entrepreneur as an organiser : Entrepreneur is one who brings together various factors of production and creates an entity to produce product or service and supervise and coordinates several functions in the process.

3. Entrepreneur as an innovator : According to Joseph A. Schumpeter in the year 1934 used innovation as a criterion to define an individual as entrepreneur. According to him, entrepreneur is one who

• • Introduces a brand new product in the market.
  • Institutes new technology to produce a new product.
  • Discovers new course of supply of raw materials.

Question 2.
What are the characteristics of an entrepreneur?
Answer:
Characteristics of an Entrepreneur:

1. Spirit of Enterprise: Entrepreneur should be bold enough to encounter risk arising from Elements of Entrepreneurship 145 the venture undertaken.

2. Self-confidence: Entrepreneur should have self-confidence in order to achieve high goals in the business.

3. Flexibility: Entrepreneur should not doggedly stick to decisions in a rigid fashion.

4. Innovation: Entrepreneur should contribute something new or something unique to meet the changing requirements of customers namely new product, new method of production or distribution, adding new features to the existing product, uncovering a new territory for business, innovating new raw material, etc.

5. Resource Mobilisation: Entrepreneur should have the capability to mobilise both tangible inputs like manpower, money materials, technology, market, method etc., which are scattered over a wide area and certain intangible inputs like motivation, morale and innovativeness.

Question 3.
Distinguish between an Entrepreneur and an Intrapreneur.
Answer:

Question 4.
Discuss the problems faced by Women Entrepreneurs.
Answer:
There is a tremendous growth in the women entrepreneurship in India. But there are certain problems met by women entrepreneurs.
They are as follows:-

1. Problem of Finance: The external sources of funds for the women is limited because they do not generally own properties in their own name. They are depending on their own savings and loan from friends and relatives.
2. Lack of Education: Illiterate and semi-literate women entrepreneurs face difficulties in respect of accounts, money matters, marketing and day-to-day operations.
3. Lack of Network Support: The success of business depends on the support of family members, friends and relatives. But it is reported that the women entrepreneurs get very limited support in times of crisis.
4. Stiff Competition: They have to face acute competition for their goods from organised sector and from their male counterparts.
5. Lack of Information: The lack of knowledge or limited knowledge about subsidies, concessions and incentives given by Government will affect the business.

Question 5.
Explain in detail the various functions of an entrepreneur.
Answer:
The functions of an entrepreneur is divided into
(a) Promotional functions,
(b) Managerial functions
(c) Commercial functions.

(a) Promotional functions:
(i) Discovery of Idea: The first and foremost function of entrepreneur is idea generation. A person may conceive his own ideas or develop the ideas contributed by others. Ideas can be generated through several ways like own experience and exposure of entrepreneur, keen observation of environment, education, training, market survey, environmental scanning and so on.

(ii) Detailed Investigation: Entrepreneur should investigate commercial feasibility of the product proposed to be produced and conduct market study to ascertain the potential demand for the product.

(iii) Mobilisation of funds: Entrepreneur has to take steps to mobilise capital needed to implement the venture. Entrepreneur has to estimate the fixed capital and working capital required for running the project.

(b) Managerial functions:
(i) Planning: In this function, the entrepreneur has to lay down the objectives, goals, vision, mission, policies, procedures, programmes, budget, schedules etc., for enabling the venture to proceed towards established destinations.

(ii) Directing: In this function, the entrepreneur has to motivate, lead, guide and communicate with subordinates on an ongoing basis in order to accomplish pre-set goals.

(c) Commercial functions:
(i) Production or Manufacturing: Under production function, entrepreneur has to take decision relating to selection of factory site, design and layout, type of products to be manufactured, research and development.

(ii) Accounting: Entrepreneur has to arrange to prepare trading and profit and loss account in order to know the profit or loss incurred out of operation of the business and prepare balance sheet to know the financial status of business.

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar Determiners, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations. Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar Determiners

Study the sentences given below:

• I saw a juggler yesterday.
• My uncle is an officer in the army.
• This car is very comfortable.
• Some pictures are really fine.
• Do you have any complaints about me?
• She is blind of one eye.

In the above sentences, a, an, the, this, my, some, any and one are words which mark the subsequent arrival of a noun. Each of them modifies the noun which follows it. Such words are called Determiners or Fixing words as they fix the nouns that follow them.

Here is a tentative list of the most frequently used Determiners:
(a) a, an, the – (Article Determiners)
(b) this, that, these, those – (Demonstrative Determiners)
(c) my, our, your, his, her, its, their, one’s – (Possessive Determiners)
(d) one, two, three, etc. – (Definite Numerical Determiners)
(e) some, any, no; all, both; much, many; few, less, several, little – (Indefinite Numeral Determiners)
(i) each, every, either, neither – (Distributive Numeral Determiners)

Use Of Some Common Determiners

• A hen laid an egg yesterday.
• Bring me the purse I gave you.
• This car is very beautiful.
• Aditi lives in that house.
• These books are yours.
• Get me those mangoes please.
• My mother is a teacher.
• Your brother is calling you.
• Our school has fifty rooms.
• Their house is double-storeyed.
• Five boys are sitting on that bench.
• He stays on the first floor.
• There isn’t any sugar in the pot.
• Will you have some tea?
• She gave me all the apples.
• Both the friends refused to part.
• He has not solved many sums.
• There are few buses running.
• He had little money.
• I play hockey every day.
• Either book will do.
• Neither statement is true.

Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.

Question 1.
We have ……………. kilometers to go but there is only a ……………. petrol left in the tank!
Answer:
some, any

Question 2.
There isn’t ……………. time; we’ve only ……………. minutes left before the movie starts.
Answer:
much, a few

Question 3.
I took ……………. apple from ……………. refrigerator and ate it.
Answer:
an, the

Question 4.
Quite ……………. trees were blown down by the storm last night ……………. workers were trying to clear them off the road this morning.
Answer:
a few, Many

Question 5.
How ……………. rice is there in the pot? We need only ……………. to feed the cat.
Answer:
much, a little

Question 6.
Don’t add ……………. salt. I have already put in ……………. and the soup is just right.
Answer:
any, enough

Question 7.
……………. goats have wandered into the garden and damaged ……………. plants.
Answer:
Several, the

Question 8.
A man may have ……………. wealth and yet not be ……………. happier with it
Answer:
some, any

Question 9.
On Sundays, there is not ……………. traffic along this road.
Answer:
much

Question 10.
I tried to phone her two or three times, but ……………. time there was no reply
Answer:
each

Students can Download Commerce Chapter 27 Company Management Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Solutions Chapter 27 Company Management

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Company Management Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
A person shall hold office as a director in ______ companies as per the Companies Act,2013.
(a) 5 companies
(b) 10 companies
(c) 20 companies
(d) 15 companies
Answer:
(c) 20 companies

Question 2.
Which Director is appointed by a Financial institution?
(a) Nominee
(b) Additional
(c) Women
(d) Shadow
Answer:
(a) Nominee

Question 3.
A Private Company shall have a minimum of ______
(a) Seven directors
(b) Five directors
(c) Three directors
(d) Two directors
Answer:
(d) Two directors

Question 4.
A Public Company shall have a minimum of ______ Directors.
(a) Twelve
(b) Seven
(c) Three
(d) Two
Answer:
(c) Three

Question 5.
A Public Company having a paid up Share Capital of Rs. ______ or more may have a Director, elected by such small shareholders.
(a) One
(b) Three
(c) Five
(d) Seven
Answer:
(c) Five

Question 6.
Under the companies Act, which one of the following powers can be exercised by the Board of Directors?
(a) Power to sell the company’s undertakings
(b) Power to make call
(c) Power to borrow money in excess of the paid up capital
(d) Power to reappoint an auditor
Answer:
(b) Power to make call

Question 7.
Which director need not hold qualifying shares?
(a) Directors appointed to Central Government
(b) Directors appointed to Shareholders
(c) Directors appointed to Managing Director
(d) Directors appointed to Board of Directors
Answer:
(a) Directors appointed to Central Government

Question 8.
What is the status of Directors who regulate money of the company?
(a) Banker
(b) Holder
(c) Agent
(d) Trustees
Answer:
(d) Trustees

Question 9.
According to Companies Act, the Directors must be appointed by the _______
(a) Central Government
(b) Company Law Tribunal
(c) Company in General Meeting
(d) Board of Directors
Answer:
(c) Company in General Meeting

Question 10.
The Board of Directors can exercise the power to appoint directors in the case of _______
(a) Additional Directors
(b) Filling up the Casual vacancy
(c) Alternate Directors
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Director.
Answer:
The Companies Act 2013 section 2 (34) defines a director appointed to the board of a Company is:
“A Person who is appointed or elected member of the Board of Directors of a company and has the responsibility of determining and implementing policies along with others in the board.

Question 2.
Name the companies required to appoint KMP.
Answer:
Following Companies are required to appoint KMP:

Question 3.
Who is whole time Director?
Answer:
A whole time Director is one who devotes whole of his time of working hours to the company and has a significant personal interest in the company as the source of his income.

Question 4.
Who is called as Managing Director?
Answer:
A Managing Director is one who is employed by the company and has substantial powers of management over the affairs of the company subject to superintendence, direction and control of the board.

Question 5.
Who can be Executive Director?
Answer:
An executive director is a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or Managing Director of an organization, company, or corporation, who is responsible for making decisions to complete the mission and for the success of the organisation.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate Executive and Non-Executive Directors.
Answer:

Basis for Difference	Executive Director	Non-Executive Director
1. Meaning	An Executive Director can be either a whole-time Director of the Company or a Managing Director.	A Non- Executive Director is a Director who is neither a Whole-time Director nor a Managing Director.

Question 2.
When are alternative directors appointed?
Answer:
Alternate director is appointed by the Board of Directors, as a substitute to a director who may be absent from India, for a period which is not less than three months.

Question 3.
Who is a shadow director?
Answer:
A shadow director is a person who is not the member of Board but has some power to run it and can be appointed as the director but according to his/her wish.

Question 4.
What is causal vacancy?
Answer:
If a director is absent from India, for a period which is not less than three months, then it is called casual vacancy. It may be filled by the appointment of alternate director. The appointment ’must be authorised by the articles of association by passing a resolution in the meeting.

Question 5.
State the minimum number of Directors for a private company.
Answer:
Under section 149 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013 states that the requirement of Minimum/ Maximum Number of Directors in a Company.,

Private company:
In case of One Person Company: The requirement of directors is one.
Other Priv ate Companies: The minimum requirement of Directors is two.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Who are the KMP?
Answer:
Companies Act, 2013 has introduced many new concepts and Key Managerial Personnel (KMP) is one of them. KMP covers the traditional roles of managing director and whole time director and also includes some functional heads.
Key Managerial Personnel: The definition of the term Key Managerial Personnel is contained in Section 2(51) of the Companies Act, 2013. This Section states:

1. The Chief Executive Officer
2. The Managing Director or Manager
3. The Company Secretary
4. The Whole-time Director
5. The Chief Financial Officer
6. Such other officer as may be prescribed

Question 2.
Explain composition of the board of directors.
Answer:
Composition of the Board off Directors:

1. General Optimum Combination: Board of Directors shall have an optimum combination of executive and non-executive directors with at least one woman director.
2. When the non-executive Director is the Chairperson: In this case, at least one-third of the board of directors shall comprise of independent directors.
3. When the non-executive chairperson is a promoter or is related to any promoter or person occupying management positions at the level of board of director or at one level below the Board of Directors: In this case, at least one half of the board of directors of the company shall consist of Independent Directors.

Question 3.
Briefly explain different types of Directors.
Types of Directors as per Companies Act 2013:
Answer:

1. Residential Director: According to Section 149 (3) of Companies Act 2013, every company should appoint a director who has stayed in India for’a total period of 182 days.
2. Independent Director: An independent director is an alternate director other than a Managing Director who is known as Whole time director or Nominee director.
3. Small shareholder’s Director: Small shareholders can appoint a single director in a listed company.
4.  Nominee Director: A director nominated by any financial institution in pursuance of the provisions of law.
5. Additional Directors: Any Individual can be appointed as Additional Directors by a company.
6. Alternate Directors: Alternate director is appointed by the Board of Directors, as a substitute who may be absent from India, for a period of 3 months.

Question 4.
State the qualification of directors.
Answer:
Qualifications of Director: As regards to the qualification of directors, there is no direct provision in the Companies Act, 2013. In general, a director shall possess appropriate skills, experience and knowledge in the fields of finance, law, management, sales, marketing, research and other disciplines related to the business. The following are the qualifications:

1. A director must be a person of sound mind.
2. A director must hold share qualification, if the article of association provides such.
3. A director must be an individual.
4. A director should be a solvent person.
5. A director should not be convicted by the Court for any offence, etc.

Question 5.
List the disqualification of a directors.
Answer:
Disqualifications of a Director: Section 164 of Companies Act, 2013, has mentioned the disqualification as follows:
A person shall not be capable of being appointed director of a company, if the director is
(a) Of unsound mind
(b) An undercharged insolvent
(c) Has been convicted by a court for any offence
(d) Has not paid any call in respect of shares of the company held by him
(e) An order disqualifying him for appointment as director has been passed by a court
(f) He has not got the Director Identification Number

Question 6.
Explain how director of a company can be removed from the office.
Answer:
A Director of Company can be removed from his Office before the expiry of his term by ‘

1.  the Shareholders
2. the Central Government
3. the Company Law Board

(i) Removal by shareholders (Sec- 169): A company may, by giving a special notice and passing an ordinary resolution, remove a director before the expiry of his period of office.

(ii) Removal by the Central Government: The Central Government has been empowered to remove managerial personnel from office on the recommendation of the Company Law Board under the following situations:
(a) Where a person concerned in the conduct and management of the affairs of a company has been guilty of fraud and negligence.
(b) If the business is managed by a person without sound business principles.
(c) Where the business of a company has been managed by such a person, who likes to cause injury or damage to the business.

(ii) Removal by the Company Law Board: If an application has been made to the Company Law Board against the oppression and mismanagement of the company’s affairs by a director, then the Company Law Board may order to terminate the director.

Question 7.
What is the maximum limit for the Managerial remuneration?
Answer:
Managerial Remuneration: The Managerial remuneration is payable to a person’s appointed u/s 196 of the Act. The Term remuneration means any money or its equivalent given for their services.

Adequate profits: A Public Company can pay remuneration to its directors including Managing Director and Whole-time Directors, and its managers which shall not exceed 11% of the net profit.

Maximum Remuneration Payable by a Company to its Managerial Personnel – No adequate Profits: Remuneration Payable by a company in case where there is no profit or inadequacy of

	Where Effective Capital is	Limit of yearly Remuneration payable shall not exceed (Rupees)
(i)	less than ₹ 5 Crore	₹ 30 lakh
(ii)	Above ₹ 5 Crore and less than ₹ 100 Crore	₹ 42 lakh
(iii)	₹ 5 Crore and above but less than ₹ 100 Crore	₹ 60 lakh
(iv)	₹ 250 Crore and above	₹ 60 lakh plus 9.91% of the effective capital in excess of ₹ 250 Crore

Question 8.
What are the duties of a director?
Answer:
Directors act as agents of the shareholders and act as a trustees of shareholders. The following are the duties of directors:

Collective Duties of Directors: Directors as apart of Board perform certain duties collectively. The duties are as follows:

1. Approval of annual accounts and authentication of annual accounts
2. Appointment of First Auditors
3. Passing of resolutions at board meetings
4. Directors report to shareholders highlighting the performance of the company.

General duties of Directors:

1. Delegating power to any committee
2. Issuing instructions to employees for implementation of policy
3. Appointing their subordinates like Managing director, Manager, Secretary and other employees
4. Act in Good faith in order to promote the objectives of the company

Question 9.
State the powers of the directors.
Answer:
Powers of Directors: The directors must have powers to carry on objectives of the company. The powers may be of four types:

1. Statutory Powers of Directors
2. Managerial Powers of Directors
3. Powers only with a resolution
4. Other Powers

Statutory Powers: The following powers must be used in the Board meeting:

1. Power to make calls on shareholders in respect of money unpaid on their shares
2. Power to issue debentures
3. Power to borrow money other than on debentures
4. Power to invest the funds of the company
5. Power to approve financial statement and Board report Managerial Powers:
6. Power to allot, forfeit or transfer shares of company
7. Power to decide the terms and conditions to issue debentures
8. Power to appoint Managing Director, Manager and Secretary of the company.

Powers only with a resolution:

1. To sell or lease any asset of the company
2. To issue bonus shares
3. To allow time to the director for repayment of the loan

Other Powers:

1. Power to fill casual vacancy
2. Power to appoint the first auditor of the company
3. Power to appoint alternative directors, additional directors
4. Power to remove key managerial personnel

Question 10.
State the Criminal liabilities of Directors.
Directors will be liable with a fine and imprisonment or both for fraud of non-compliance of any statutory provisions in the following situations where:

1. There is mis-statement in Prospectus
2. There is failure to file return on allotment with the registrar
3. Failure to give notice to the registrar for conversion of share into stock
4. Failure to issue Share Certificate and Debenture Certificate
5. There is default in holding Annual General Meeting
6. There is failure to provide Financial Statements

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Company Management Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
A company may appoint more than 15 directors after passing a ______ resolution.
(a) special
(b) ordinary
(c) usual
(d) commanding
Answer:
(a) special

Question 2.
A person can hold the position of Directorship in different companies up to the maximum of ______
(a) 15
(b) 10
(c) 18
(d) 20
Answer:
(d) 20

Question 3.
An ______ can be either a whole time director of the company or a Managing Director.
(a) Executive Director
(c) Non-Executive Director
(b) First Director
(d) Residential Director
Answer:
(a) Executive Director

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on independent director.
Answer:
According to Section 149 (6), an independent director is an alternate director other than a Managing Director, who is known as Whole Time Director or Nominee Director.

Question 2.
Who is a ‘First Director’?
Answer:
A ‘First Director’ means a director who holds office from the date of incorporation of the company. The first directors are usually named in the Articles of Association.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
How a director is removed by the Company Law Board?
Answer:
There are three methods of removal of director from the company.
They are:
(a) Removal by shareholders- If the shareholders feel that the policies pursued by the director are not appropriate, then they can remove the director by passing an ordinary resolution in a general meeting.
(b) Removal by the Central Government- The Central Government has been empowered to remove managerial personnel from office on the recommendation of the Company Law Board.
(c) Removal by the Company Law Board- If an application has been made to the Company Law Board against the oppression and mismanagement of the company’s affairs by a director, then the Company Law Board may order for the termination of the director’s tenure.

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Unclipped Words, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Unclipped Words

1.	vet	veterinarian
2.	typo	typographical error
3.	taxi	taxicab
4.	sub	submarine
5.	sopho	sophomore
6.	pop music	popular music
7.	mike	microphone
8.	perm	permanent wave
9.	sci-fi	science fiction
10.	car	carriage
11.	mum	chrysanthemum
12.	croc	crocodile
13.	deb	debutante
14.	curio	curiosity
15.	fax	facsimile
16.	iron	flatiron
17.	pant	pantaloon
18.	burger	hamburger
19.	ID	identification
20.	recap	recapitulate
21.	mart	market
22.	gym	gymnasium
23.	mini	minimum
24.	stereo	stereophonic
25.	chemist	alchemist

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Clipped Words, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Clipped Words

Clipping is a process of coining a new word. It is done by removing a portion of the original word.
For example: document – doc

Question 1.
Choose the clipped word for airplane”.
(a) aer
(b) aerop
(c) aero
(d) plane
Answer:
(d) plane

Question 2.
Choose the clipped word for “biology”.
(a) bio
(b) biol
(c) logy
(d) Biolog
Answer:
(a) bio

Question 3.
Choose the clipped word for the word “cafeteria”.
(a) caf
(b) cafe
(c) tena
(a) cafet
Answer:
(b) cafe

Question 4.
Choose the clipped word for “champion”.
(a) chap
(b) pion
(c) ch ion
(d) champ
Answer:
(d) champ

Question 5.
Choose the clipped word for “Chemistry”.
(a) Chemist
(b) Mistry
(c) Chern
(d) Chemis
Answer:
(c) Chem

Question 6.
Choose the clipped word for “chimpanzee”.
(a) chimpan
(b) chimp
(c) panzee
(d) chirn
Answer:
(b) chimp

Question 7.
Choose the clipped word tòr “coeducational”.
(a) co-ed
(b) co-edu
(c) co-educate
(d) co-educ
Answer:
(a) co-ed

Question 8.
Choose the clipped word for “Internet”.
(a) mt
(b) intern
(c) net
(d) inter
Answer:
(c) net

Question 9.
Choose the clipped word for “graduate”.
(a) grate
(b) grad
(c) grade
(d) gradu
Answer:
(b) grad

Question 10.
Choose the clipped word for “electronic mail”.
(a) E-mail
(b) electro-mail
(c) elect-mail
(d) e-mail
Answer:
(d) e-mail

Question 11.
Choose the clipped word for ‘dormitory”.
(a) dort
(b) dorm
(c) dormi
(d) dormit
Answer:
(b) dorm

Question 12.
Choose the clipped word for “fabulous”.
(a) fabul
(b) falous
(c) fab
(d) fabu
Answer:
(c) fab

Question 13.
Choose the clipped word for the word “information”.
(a) info
(b) inform
(c) ino
(d) infrm
Answer:
(a) info

Question 14.
Choose the clipped word for “gasoline”.
(a) galine
(b) gas
(c) gasol
(d) gaso
Answer:
(b) gas

Question 15.
Choose the clipped word for “hippopotamus”.
(a) hipot
(b) potamus
(c) hipo
(d) hippo
Answer:
(d) hippo

Question 16.
Choose the clipped word for “teenager”.
(a) tee
(b) teenag
(c) teen
(d) ager
Answer:
(c) teen

Question 17.
Choose the clipped word for “luncheon”.
(a) lunch
(b) lunchon
(c) leon
(d) lunchen
Answer:
(a) lunch

Question 18.
Choose the clipped word for “moving picture”.
(a) mpic
(b) mopic
(c) movepic
(d) movie
Answer:
(d) movie

Question 19.
Choose the clipped
(a) piano word for “pianoforte”.
(b) piaf
(c) pionofort
(d) piaforte
Answer:
(a) piano

Question 20.
Choose the clipped
(a) prade word for “promenade”.
(b) promade
(c) prom
(d) promade
Answer:
(c) prom

Question 21.
Choose the clipped
(a) reftor word for ‘refrigerator’.
(b) refrig
(c) gerator
(d) fridge
Answer:
(d) fridge

Question 22.
Choose the clipped
(a) chronise word for “synchronise”.
(b)synchron
(c) sync
(d) synchro
Answer:
(d) vet

Question 23.
Choose the clipped
(a) rhin word for the word “rhinoceros”.
(b) rhino
(c) rhinoce
(d) ceros
Answer:
(c) sync

Question 24.
Choose the clipped
(a) stats word for “statistics”.
(b) statis
(c) static
(d) statist
Answer:
(b) rhino

Question 25.
Choose the clipped word for “veterinarian”.
(a) vetem
(b) vetrin
(c) veter
(d) vet
Answer:
(a) stats

Some more examples of clipped words:

1	agriculture	agri
2.	alchemist	chemist
3.	alumni/alumna	alum
4.	amend	mend
5.	apollinaris	polly
6.	automobile	auto
7.	beautiful	beauty
8.	biology	bio
9.	botany	bot
10.	brassiere	bra
11.	brother	bro
12.	burst	bust
13.	buttocks	butt
14.	cablegram	cable
15.	calculus	calc
16.	cellphone	cell
17.	centum	cent
18.	cleric	clerk
19.	coattails	tails
20.	coca-cola / cocaine	coke
21.	coeducational	coed
22.	comprehensive	comp
23.	condominium	condo
24.	co-operative	co-op
25.	cousin	cous
26.	cucumber	cuke
27.	daddy	dad
28.	daily paper	daily
29.	delicatessen / delicacy	deli
30.	dental / dentistry	dent
31.	detective	tec
32.	differential	diff
33.	disport	sport
34.	distill	still          ;
35.	doctor	doc
36.	dormitory	dorm
37.	drapery	drape
38.	earthquake	quake
39.	ecology	eco
40.	enthusiasm	enthu
41.	examination	exam
42.	fabulous	fab
43.	faggot	fag
44.	fraternity	frat
45.	gabble	gab
’46.	gentleman	gent
47.	Gypsy	gyp
48.	hackney	hack
49.	head-shrinker	shrink
50.	homosexual	homo
51.	jet aircraft	jet
52.	laboratory	lab
53.	lavatory	lav
54.	limousine	limo
55.	literature	lit
56.	lubricate	lube
57.	mathematics	maths
58,	maximum	max
59.	medical	medic
60.	memorandum	memo
61.	mistress	miss
62.	mobile vulgus	mob
63.	modem	mod
64.	mommy	mom
65.	motorcar	car
66.	non-vegetarian	non-veg
67.	oleomargarine	margarine
68.	parachute	chute
69.	parole dhonneur	parole
70.	penitentiary	pen
71.	pepper	pep
72.	percolate / perquisite	perk
73.	periwig	wig
74.	petroleum	petro
75.	photograph	photo
76.	popular	pop
77.	president	pres
78.	professional	pro
79.	professor	prof
80.	psychology	psych
81.	public house	pub
82.	pugnacious	pug
83.	pajamas	jams/jammies
84.	quadrangle / quadraphonic	quad
85.	raccoon	coon
86.	referee/reference	ref          ‘
87.	representative	rep
88.	revolution/reverend	rev
89.	robot	bot
90.	saxophone	sax
91.	schizophrenic	schizo
92.	scramble	scram
93.	squadron	squad
94.	specifications	specs
95.	sweatsuit	sweats
96.	synchronize	sync
97.	teacher	teach
98.	technical	tech
99.	telephone	phone
100.	television	tele
101.	trigonometry	trig
102.	triumph	trump
103.	trombone	bone
104.	turnpike	pike
105.	tuxedo	tux
106.	tympani	tymps
107.	universal joint	U joint
108.	university	varsity
109.	vegetarian	veg
110.	veteran / veterinarian	vet
111.	website	web
112.	zoological garden	zoo

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Abbreviations and Acronyms, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Abbreviations and Acronyms

1.	AAA	Amateur Athletic Association
2.	AAFI	Amateur Athletic Federation of India
3.	ACR	Annual Confidential Report
4.	ADC	Aide-de-camp (Assistant)
5.	AFI	Athletics Federation of India
6.	AFMC	Armed Forces Medical College
7.	AICTE	All India Council for Technical Education
8.	AIFF	All India Football Federation
9.	AITUC	All India Trade Union Congress
10.	ANC	African National Congress
11.	AOC	Air Officer Commanding
12.	ASAP	As Soon As Possible
13.	ASEAN	Association of South East Asian Nations
14.	ASLV	Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
15.	ASSOCHAM	Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India
16.	ATC	Air Traffic Control
17.	ATM	Automated Teller Machine
18.	ATR	Action Taken Report
19.	ATS	Anti Tetanus Serum
20.	AWACS	Airborne Warning and Control Systems
21.	AMIE	Associate Member of the Institute of Engineers
22.	AIR	All India Radio
23.	AIDS	Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
24.	A1IMS	All India Institute of Medical Sciences
25.	BA	Bachelor of Arts
26.	BARC	Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
27.	BBC	British Broadcasting Corporation
28.	BCCI	Board of Cricket Control in India
29.	B.Ed.	Bachelor of Education
30.	BHEL	Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
31.	BIOS	Basic Input Output System
32.	BMA	British Medical Association
33.	BPCL	Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
34.	BS	Bachelor of Science
35.	BS	British Standard
36.	BSNL	Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
37.	CAD	Computer-Aided Design
38.	CAG	Comptroller and Auditor General of India
39.	CAT	Common Aptitude Test
40.	CBI	Central Bureau of Investigation
41.	CDAC	Centre for the Development of Advanced Computing
42.	CEO	(a)Chief Educational Officer (b) Chief Executive Officer
43.	CFC	Chlorofluorocarbon
44.	CEL	Compact Fluorescent Lamps
45.	CFO	Chief Financial Officer
46.	CGST	Central Goods and Services Tax
47.	CIA	Central Intelligence Agency
48.	CID	Criminal Investigation Department
49.	CIS	Commonwealth of Independent States
50.	CISF	Central Industrial Security Force
51.	CLRI	Central Leather Research Institute
52.	CNN	Cable News Network
53.	COD	Cash On Delivery
54.	COPRA	Consumer Protection Act
55.	CPI	Communist Party’ of India
56.	CPU	Central Processing Unit
57.	CPWD	Central Public Works Department
58.	CRPF	Central Reserve Police Force
59.	CRY	Child Relief and You
60.	CSIR	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
61.	CSO	Central Statistical Organisation
62.	CTBT	Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
63.	CVC	Central Vigilance Commission
64.	DA	Dearness Allowance
65.	DARE	Documentation Automatic Retrieval Equipment
66.	DC	Deputy Commissioner
67.	DIG	Deputy Inspector General
68.	DNA	Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
69.	DoT	Department of Telecommunications
70.	DPEP	District Primary Education Programme
71.	DRDO	Defense Research and Development Organisation
72.	DSLR	Digital Single Lens Reflex
73.	DTK	Direct-to-Home
74.	DTP	Desk Top Publishing
75.	DVD	Digital Video Disc
76.	ELISA	Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay
77.	EMI	Equated Monthly Installment
78.	EPABX	Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange
79.	ESA	European Space Agency
80.	ESMA	Essential Services Maintenance Act
81.	EWS	Economically Weaker Section
82.	FAO	Food and Agricultural Organisation
83.	FBI	Federal Bureau of Investigation
84.	FDI	Foreign Direct Investment
85.	FERA	Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
86.	FIFA	Federation International de Football Association
87.	FIR	First Information Report
88.	FRCS	Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons
89.	FRS	Fellow of the Royal Society
90.	FTCL	Fellowship Trinity College of London
91.	GAME	Global Energy Water Cycle Asian Monsoon Experiment
92.	GATE	Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
93.	GATT	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
94.	GMT	Greenwich Mean Time
95.	GPO	General Post Office
96.	GPS	Global Positioning System
97.	GRE	Graduate Record Examination
98.	GSI	Geological Survey of India
99.	GSLV	Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
100.	GST	Goods and Services Tax
101.	HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus
102.	HRD	Human Resource Development
103.	HTML	Hyper Text Mark-up Language
104.	HTTP	Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
105.	IAAI	International Airport Authority of India
106.	IAEA	International Atomic Energy Agency
107.	IAS	Indian Administrative Service
108.	ICAR	Indian Council for Agricultural Research
109.	ICBM	Inter Continental Ballistic Missile
110.	ICMR	Indian Council of Medical Research
111.	ICS	Indian Civil Service
112.	ICSE	Indian Certificate of Secondary Education
113.	ICT	Information and Communication Technology
114.	IDBI	Industrial Development Bank of India
115.	IELTS	International English Language Testing System
116.	IFS	Indian Forest Service
117.	IFSC	Indian Financial System Code
118.	IIM	Indian Institute of Management
119.	IIT	Indian Institute of Technology
120.	IMD	India Meteorological Department
121.	IMF	International Monetary’ Fund
122.	INA	Indian National Army
123.	INSAT	Indian National Satellite
124.	IPKF	Indian Peace Keeping Force
125.	IPL	Indian Premier League
126.	IPS	Indian Police Service
127.	IREP	The Integrated Rural Energy Programme
128.	IRS	Indian Revenue Service/ Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
129.	ISP	Internet Service Provider
130.	ISRO	Indian Space Research Organisation
131.	1ST	Indian Standard Time
132.	1VP	Intravenous Push
133.	JD	Juris Doctor
134.	JRF	Junior Research Fellowship
135.	KVIC	Khadi and Village Industries Commission
136.	LBW	Leg Before Wicket
137.	LCM	Lowest Common Multiple
138.	LoC	Line of Control
139.	LPG	Liquefied Petroleum Gas
140.	LTCL	Licentiateship Trinity College of London
141.	MA	Master of Arts
142.	MCA	Master of Computer Applications
143.	MD	Managing Director
144.	M.Ed	Master of Education
145.	MLA	Member of the Legislative Assembly
146.	MLC	Member of the Legislative Council
147.	MLF	Multi-Lateral Funding
148.	M.Phil.	Master of Philosophy
149.	MRTS	Mass Rapid Transit System
150.	MS	Master of Surgery
151.	MTC	Metro Transport Corporation
152.	NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration
153.	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
154.	NBT	National Book Trust
1*55.	NCERT	National Council of Educational Research and Training
156.	NCO	Non-Commissioned Officer
157.	NCTE	National Council for Teacher Education
158.	NDDB	National Dairy Development Board
159.	NEET	National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test
160.	NGO	Non-Governmental Organisation
161.	NIC	National Informatics Centre
162.	NIFT	National Institute of Fashion Technology
163.	NLC	Neyveli Lignite Corporation
164.	NOC	No Objection Certificate
165.	NPCIL	Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
166.	NPT	Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
167.	NSC	National Savings Certificate
168.	NSE	National Stock Exchange
169.	NTA	National Testing Agency
170.	NTPC	National Thermal Power Corporation
171.	NTSE	National Talent Search Examination
172.	ODI	One Day International / Open Datalink Interface
173.	ODS	Ozone Deleting Substances
174.	OIGS	On India Government Service
175.	ONGC	Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
176.	OPAC	Online Public Access Catalogue
177.	OPEC	Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
178.	PA	Personal Assistant
179.	PAC	Public Accounts Committee
180.	PAN	Permanent Account Number
181.	PDA	Personal Digital Assistant
182.	PERT	Project Evaluation and Review Technique
183.	PETA	People for Ethical Treatment of Animals
184.	PIL	Public Interest Litigation
185.	PIN	Postal Index Number
186.	POTA	Prevention of Terrorism Act
187.	POW	Prisoner of War
188.	PRO	Public Relations Officer
189.	PSLV	Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
190.	PSU	Public Sector Units
191;	PTA	Parents Teachers Association
192.	PTI	Press Trust of India
193.	PTO	Please Turn Over
194.	PWD	Public Works Department
195.	RAC	Reservation Against Cancellation
196.	RAM	Random Access Memory
197.	RAW	Research and Analysis Wing
198.	RLWL	Remote Location Wait List
199.	RTE	Right To Education
200.	RTI	Right To Information
201.	RTO	Regional Transport Officer
202.	SAARC	South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
203.	SAIL	Steel Authority of India Limited
204.	SAM	Surface to Air Missile
205.	SARS	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
206.	SASE	Self Addressed Stamped Envelope
207.	SBI	State Bank of India
208.	SEZ	Special Economic Zone
209.	SGST	State Goods and Services Tax
210.	SIM	Subscriber Identity Module
211.	SMS	Short Message Service
212.	SPCA	Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
213.	SSC	Staff Selection Commission
214.	START	Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
215.	SWOT	Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat
216.	TADA	Terrorist and Disruptive Activities
217.	TAPS	Tarapur Atomic Power Station
218.	TELCO	Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company
219.	TESMA	Tamilnadu Essential Services Maintenance Act
220.	TISCO	Tata Iron and Steel Company
221.	TLC	Total Literacy Campaign
222.	TNEB	Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
223.	TNPSC  mission	Tamil Nadu Publi c Service Com
224.	TOEFL	Test of English as a Foreign Language
225.	TPS	Thermal Power Station
226.	TQM	Total Quality Management
227.	TT(E)I	Travelling Ticket Examiner/ Inspector
228.	TTTI	Technical Teachers Training Institute
229.	UDC.	Upper Division Clerk
230.	UFO	Unidentified Flying Objects
231.	UGC	University Grants Commission (India)
232.	ULFA	United Liberation Front of Asom/Assam
233.	UNICEF	United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
234.	UNO	United Nations Organisation
235.	UPSC	Union Public Sendee Commission
236.	UV	Ultra Violet
237.	VAO	Village Administrative Officer
238.	VAT	Value Added Tax
239.	VHF	Very High Frequency
240.	VHS	Video Home System / Voluntary Health Services
241.	VIP	Very Important Person
242.	VPP	Value Payable Post
243.	VSNL	Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
244.	WHO	World Health Organisation
245.	Wi-Fi	Wireless Fidelity
246.	WTO	World Trade Organisation
247.	WWW	World Wide Web
248..	YMCA	Young Men’s Christian Association
249.	YWCA	Young Women’s Christian Association
250.	ZIP	Zone Improvement Plan

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Pronunciation – Functional Stress, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Pronunciation – Functional Stress

In English ONE syllable in a word is stressed, that syllable is pronounced louder than others. To differentiate between a noun and a verb with the same spelling, position of stress changes.

Example:

Noun	Verb
a decrease	to decrease
an insult	to insult
an object	to object
a protest	to protest
a record	to record
a rebel	to rebel
a suspect	to suspect
a transfer	to transfer

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Prefix/Suffix, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Prefix/Suffix

Question 1.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word ‘sector”.
(a) in_________
(b) un_________
(c) dis__________
(a) bi_________
Answer:
(d) bisector

Question 2.
Form a new word by adding a prefix to the root word “author”.
(a) un_________
(b) co_________
(c) 1m_________
(d) dis
Answer:
(b) co-author

Question 3.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “count”.
(a) Ill _________
(b) un__________
(c) in __________
(d) re __________
Answer:
(a) recount

Question 4.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “weight”.
(a) ______ed
(b) ________age
(c) ________er
(d) ion
Answer:
(b) weightage

Question 5.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “hyphen”.
(a) ________ment
(b) ________able
(c) ________ed
(d) ________ate
Answer:
(d) hyphenate

Question 6.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “private”.
(a) ________ment
(b) __________d
(c) _____ize
(a) ________iar
Answer:
(c) privatize

Question 7.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word ‘contain’.
(a) ________ment
(b) ________able
(c) ________al
(d) ________iC
Answer:
(a) containment

Question 8.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “wilder”.
(a) _______hood
(b) ________ism
(c) _______ness
(d) ________ful
Answer:
(c) wilderness

Question 9.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix io the root word “create”.
(a) _________ness
(b) _________mis
(c) y__________
(d) _________ive
Answer:
(d) creative

Question 10.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “free”.
(a) ________able
(b) ________ment
(c) ________dom
(d) ________ity
Answer:
(c) freedom

Question 11.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “chief’.
(a) intra________
(b) extra_________
(c) re__________
(d) mis________
Answer:
(d) mischief

Question 12.
Form a new word by adding a prefix to the root word “active”.
(a) fore________
(b) for _________
(c) intra_______
(d) pro_______
Answer:
(d) proactive

Question 13.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “ease”.
(a) in __________
(b) dis____________
(c) re____________
(d) il_____
Answer:
(b) disease

Question 14.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word ‘wave”.
(a) micro_____
(b) il________
(c) epi_______
(d) mis_______
Answer:
(a) microwave

Question 15.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “cast”.
(a) de________
(b) in________
(c) en________
(d) fore________
Answer:
(d) forecast

Question 16.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “scope”.
(a) re_______
(b) epi_______
(c) con_______
(d) co_______
Answer:
(b) episcope

Question 17.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “resist”.
(a) _______er
(b) __________ar
(c) _______ ly
(d) _______ance
Answer:
(d) resistance

Question 18.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “unit”.
(a) __________ ary
(b) _______or
(c) _______en
(d) ________sion
Answer:
(a) unitary

Question 19.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “accuse”.
(a) _______able
(b) _______ile
(c) _______tion
(d) _______or
Answer:
(c) accusation

Question 20.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “court”.
(a) ________able
(b) ________ship
(c) ________less
(d) ________age
Answer:
(b) courtship

Question 21.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “bug”.
(a) ante__________
(b) anti__________
(c) un__________
(d) de_________
Answer:
(d) debug

Question 22.
Form a new word by adding a prefix to the root word “circle”.
(a) anti__________
(b) a__________
(c) semi__________
(d) co________
Answer:
(c) semicircle

Question 23.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “space”.
(a) super________
(b) de________
(c) ante_________
(d) cyber_______
Answer:
(d) cyberspace

Question 24.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “vigil”.
(a) ________ ant
(b) ________less
(c) ________ness
(d) ________ able
Answer:
(a) vigilant

Question 25.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “honour”.
(a) _______hood
(b) _______ary
(c) _______ion
(d) _______ship
Answer:
(b) honorary

Question 26.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “celebrate”.
(a) __________ity
(b) __________ion
(c) __________ship
(d) __________less
Answer:
(b) celebration

Question 27.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “script”.
(a) post_________
(b) un_________
(c) dis_________
(d) re_________
Answer:
(a) postscript

Question 28.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “owner”.
(a) ________less
(b) _________ness
(c) ________ship
(d) able
Answer:
(c) ownership

Question 29.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “poet”.
(a) ________ic
(b) ________able
(c) ________er
(d) ________ful
Answer:
(a) poetic

Question 30.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “case”.
(a) post__________
(b) un__________
(c) dis__________
(a) en__________
Answer:
(a) encase

Question 31.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “season”.
(a) in_________
(b) un_________
(c) mid_________
(a) bi__________
Answer:
(c) midseason

Question 32.
Form a new word by adding a prefix to the root word “cook”.
(a) un__________
(b) over_________
(c) im__________
(d) dis_________
Answer:
(b) overcook

Question 33.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “byte”.
(a) post_________
(b) un_________
(c) di__________
(d) mega_________
Answer:
(d) megabyte

Question 34.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “expense”.
(a) ________ed
(b) ________ive
(c) ________er
(d) ________ion
Answer:
(b) expensive

Question 35.
Form anew word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “fruit”.
(a) ________ment
(b) ________able
(c) ________ed
(a) y__________
Answer:
(d) fruity ate

Question 36.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “advert”.
(a) ________ment
(b) ________d
(c) ________ize
(d) ________iar
Answer:
(c) advertize

Question 37.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “estimate”.
(a) under__________
(b) un__________
(c) dis_________
(d) de__________
Answer:
(a) underestimate

Question 38.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “back”.
(a) _______ hood
(b) _________ism
(c) ________ness
(d) _________ward
Answer:
(a) backward

Question 39.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word ‘series”.
(a) tele__________
(b) un__________
(c) dis__________
(d) re__________
Answer:
(a) teleseries

Question 40.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “fame”.
(a) _______able
(b) _______ous
(c) ______dom
(d) _______ity
Answer:
(b) famous

Question 41.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “conductor”.
(a) in__________
(b) un__________
(c) dis__________
(d) semi ________
Answer:
(d) semiconductor

Question 42.
Form a new word by adding a prefix to the root word “state”.
(a) un__________
(b) inter__________
(c) in__________
(d) dis__________
Answer:
(b) interstate

Question 43.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “terrestrial”.
(a) extra__________
(b) un__________
(c) dis__________
(d) re__________
Answer:
(a) extraterrestrial

Question 44.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “legth”.
(a) ________ed
(b) ________wise
(c) ________er
(d) ________ion
Answer:
(b) lengthwise

Question 45.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “assure”.
(a) _____ ance
(b) ________able
(c) ________ed
(d) ________ate
Answer:
(a) assurance

Question 46.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “work”.
(a) ment__________
(b) ________abolie
(c) __________ ize
(d) ________
Answer:
(b) workaholic

Question 47.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “atlantic”.
(a) post__________
(b) un__________
(c) trans__________
(d) re__________
Answer:
(c) transatlantic

Question 48.
Form a new word by adding a suitable suffix to the root word “defy”.
(a) _______hood
(b) _________ism
(c) _______ance
(d) ________ful
Answer:
(c) defiance

Question 49.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “sound”.
(a) post__________
(b) un__________
(c) ultra__________
(d) re________
Answer:
(c) ultrasound

Question 50.
Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the root word “contaminate”.
(a) de__________
(b) un__________
(c) dis__________
(d) re__________
Answer:
(a) decontamin

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary American English and British English, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary American English and British English

Give the American English word for the highlighted British English word in the following sentences:

Question 1.
I’ll be staying at my uncle’s pace only for a fortnight.
Answer:
two weeks

Question 2.
Nobody uses the staircases anymore, lift is preferred instead.
Answer:
elevator

Question 3.
Soccer has become popular in India these days.
Answer:
football

Question 4.
When the power is shut down, torch is of great use
Answer:
flashlight

Question 5.
That shop is more closeby.
Answer:
store

Question 6.
We were late that day as our car’s tyre punctured.
Answer:
flat tire

Question 7.
What you are searching for must be in that cupboard.
Answer:
closet

Question 8.
Those are beautiful curtains.
Answer:
drapes

Question 9.
The wedding has been planned during this autumn.
Answer:
fall

Question 10.
Please keep all the luggages in the boot.
Answer:
trunk

Question 11.
Please buy me those crisps.
Answer:
potato chips

Question 12.
We shall plant lilies in our garden today.
Answer:
yard

Question 13.
The street where she stays is near the flyover.
Answer:
overpass

Question 14.
The lorry carrying water passes through this street daily.
Answer:
truck

Question 15.
Our kid is allergic to nappy.
Answer:
diaper

Question 16.
He goes to college in the motorbike.
Answer:
motorcycle

Question 17.
You better make a timetable and study your daily lessons.
Answer:
schedule

Question 18.
Please maintain a proper queue to receive your forms.
Answer:
line

Question 19.
Please use the indicators appropriately in this lane as it is accident-prone.
Answer:
blinkers

Question 20.
It is always better to share the slightest details with your barrister.
Answer:
attorney

Give the British English word for the highlighted American English word in the following sentences:

Question 1.
The gasoline tank is empty.
Answer:
petrol

Question 2.
He has a checking account in the Royal Bank of Scotland.
Answer:
current account

Question 3.
Using a cotton swab is not advisable.
Answer:
cotton bud

Question 4.
Ebe had a full plate of French fries.
Answer:
potato chips

Question 5.
The baby was squalling in its crib.
Answer:
cot

Question 6.
Note that only quarter note rhythm is given to the strings.
Answer:
crotchet

Question 7.
Sieve the all-purpose flour before adding the beaten egg to it.
Answer:
plain flour

Question 8.
I am not too sure about the zip code of that locality.
Answer:
pin code

Question 9.
The baby enjoys an evening outing in the stroller daily.
Answer:
perambulator

Question 10.
Most of the electrical outlet needs to be repaired.
Answer:
power point

Question 11.
Did you check the mail box?
Answer:
post box

Question 12.
Does this skirt go with my jumper?
Answer:
pinafore

Question 13.
I cannot find any of my clothes pin kept in the box.
Answer:
peg

Question 14.
Someone should have noted the car’s license plate.
Answer:
numberplate

Question 15.
I changed my baby’s diaper after giving him a wash.
Answer:
nappy 16. lucky dip

Question 16.
The child was ecstatic at the bauble she won at the grab bag.
Answer:
lorry

Question 17.
The truck overturned and crashed into the median.
Answer:
lift

Question 18.
The elevator isn’t working.
Answer:
kennel

Question 19.
The dog house is quite spacious.
Answer:
holiday

Question 20.
I hope to go on a vacation this summer.
Answer:
holdall

Question 21.
It is wise to buy a carryall for the trek.
Answer:
holiday

Question 22.
The secret of my robust garden is my mother’s green thumb.
Answer:
green finger

Question 23.
The freight train was partially derailed.
Answer:
goods train

Question 24.
The lawn looks lush green.
Answer:
garden

Question 25.
I live in the first floor.
Answer:
ground floor