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Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Analogy, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Analogy

What is Analogy?
The main purpose of analogy in the language is to bifurcate two elements, which may be based on concepts, relationships, phenomenon, etc. The bifurcation is created with an intention to compare the two things so that the reader can relate to something that reflects their similarity. In other words, analogy aids the reader, to perhaps, have a visual understanding of the logic of what you are trying to exhibit.

16 kinds of relationships that analogies may express:

• Antonyms – up: down
• Synonyms – great : wonderful
• Part : whole – trunk : tree
• whole :part – school : classroom
• tool : its action – crayon : draw
• tool user: tool – carpenter: hammer
• tool: object it’s used with – hammer: nails
• category : example – dog : Golden Retriever
• effect : cause – flood : rain
• cause: effect – practice: improve
• increasing intensity – unhappiness ; misery
• decreasing intensity – hot : warm
• action : thing acted upon – read : book
• action: subject performing action – teach : teacher
• object or place: its user – chalk: teacher
• noun: closely related adjective – elephant: enormous

Here are some important things to remember when you think about analogies: Parts of Speech If the words in the first pair express a “noun : adjective,” or “verb : noun,” or adjective : adjective” relationship (for instance), the second pair should show the same relationship between parts of speech. Word Order If the first pair expresses a “tool user : tool” relationship (for instance), the second pair must express the same relationship in the same order. Exactness Sometimes two or more of the given choices would make fairly good sense in the blank. When this happens, you should choose the word or pair of words, which most exactly suits the relationship you are expressing.

Examples of famous analogies

• The captain is to his ship as the leader is to his tribe.
• A fish is to swimming as a bird is to flying.
• What death is to life, blindness is to vision.
• What sweets are to a diabetic, water is to fire.
• What gold is to a goldsmith, iron is to a blacksmith.
• What cold is to ice, heat is to fire.
• What dog is to a kennel, a rabbit is to a burrow.
• What child is to a mother, a song is to a singer.
• What voice is to a person, communication is to a language.
• What wheels are to a cart, a family is to a man.
• A hot cup of coffee is to winter as a cold glass of water is to summer.
• A rudder is to a ship as a goal is to a person.
• Painting is to a painter as water is to a plant.
• What strings are to a guitar, love is to life.
• What wick is to a candle, knowledge is to life.

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Confusables, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Confusables

Homophones

Homophones are one of the groups of words pronounced alike but differ in meaning and spelling or both. (e.g.) carat, carrot; week, weak and hear, here.

Rewrite the following sentences by using the correct homophones for the underlined words:

Question 1.
Your excuse is excepted, you may go and sit in your place.
Answer:
Your excuse is accepted, you may go and sit in your place.

Question 2.
The government often adopted policies that made the poor and middle-class people to suffer.
Answer:
The government often adopted policies that made the poor and middle-class people to suffer.

Question 3.
My mother’s aid made a lot of different dishes and surprised us.
Answer:
My mother’s aide made a lot of different dishes and surprised us.

Question 4.
Are you all ready for the show?
Answer:
Are you all ready for the show?

Question 5.
Many experts believe it may be too late to prevent averse consequences to the world’s climate system.
Answer:
Many experts believe it may be too late to prevent adverse consequences to the world’s climate system.

Question 6.
Mr. Sathish was fined a sum of Rs. 20,000 as the prosecutor found the witness who could collaborate with the allegations.
Answer:
Mr. Sathish was fined a sum of Rs. 20,000 as the prosecutor found a witness who could corroborate with the allegations.

Question 7.
Rather than reading novels, Vishal prefers to hear the story aurally from his brother Kannan.
Answer:
Rather than reading novels, Vishal prefers to hear the story orally from his brother Kannan.

Question 8.
The trekkers began the assent on to the hill top immediately after the sunrise.
Answer:
The trekkers began the ascent on to the hill top immediately after the sunrise.

Question 9.
A boy near the navel officer was injured by the mob.
Answer:
A boy near the naval officer was injured by the mob.

Question 10.
The village people saw a peasant near the farm.
Answer:
The village people saw a pheasant near the farm.

Fill in with the right confusable to make a meaningful sentence
1. Grandma’s ……………… regarding the treatment of venomous snake bites using the ancient ……………… is interesting to hear, (antidotes/anecdotes)
2. Until the Government ……………… the lands, the land owners cannot ……………… its value. (apprise/appraise)
3. The police Inspector asked Raju to ……………… his reason in the FIR to ……………… the person he was complaining about, (indict/indite)
4. The Captain was ……………… in implementing an ……………… plan to trap the terrorists. (invidious/insidious)
5. The farmer exalted his son for his ……………… ideas which resulted in a bountiful harvest, (ingenious/ingenuous)
6. A ……………… at the sweet stall aroused their desire to have rasagullas. But they left in a ……………… when they heard that rasagulla’s were out of stock, (pique/peek)
7. During the ……………… of King Chandrakanth there used to be heavy ……………… (reign/rains)
8. The ……………… employee was ……………… to answer to his senior officer, (reluctant/reticent)
9. I have ……………… him since childhood before I saw him in the opening ……………… (scene/seen)
10. The ……………… of cattle ……………… the roar of a lion and trembled with fear, (heard/herd)
11. The story told by the ……………… fat man is not ……………… (credible/ credulous)
12. India is a ……………… country with many ……………… leaders, (popular/populous)
13. The Police tried to ……………… information from the boot leggar who used to sell ……………… liqour. (illicit/ elicit)
14. The aim of Maharishi was the elevation of the (soul/sole)
15. Fire fighting ……………… never have much time for their ……………… life, (personal/personnel)
Answer:
1. anecdotes/antidotes
2. appraise/ apprise
3. indite/indict
4. insidious/invidious
5. ingenuous/ingenious
6. peek/pique
7. reign/rains
8. reticent/reluctant
9. seen/scene
10. herd/heard
11. credulous/credible
12. populous/popular
13. elicit/illicit
14. sole/soul
15. personnel/personal

Homographs

Homographs are words (usually a pair) that are spelled alike but differ in meaning. They may or may not be pronounced the same way.

Students can Download Commerce Chapter 28 Company Secretary Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Solutions Chapter 28 Company Secretary

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Company Secretary Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
Mention the status of a Company Secretaiy in a company _______
(a) A member
(b) A director
(c) An independent
(d) An employee contractor
Answer:
(d) An employee contractor

Question 2.
Who can become a secretary for a company?
(a) Individual person
(b) Partnership firm
(c) Co-operative societies
(d) Trade unions
Answer:
(a) Individual person

Question 3.
Which meeting will be held only once in the life time of the company?
(a) Statutory
(b) Annual General
(c) Extra-ordinary
(d) Class General
Answer:
(a) Statutory

Question 4.
Board Meetings to be conducted minimum _______ times in a year.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(c) 4

Question 5.
Who is not entitled to speak at the annual general meeting of the company?
(a) Auditor
(b) Shareholder
(c) Proxy
(d) Directors
Answer:
(c) Proxy

Question 6.
Mention the company which need not convene the Statutory Meeting.
(a) Widely held public
(b) Private Limited
(c) Public Limited
(d) Guarantee having a share capital
Answer:
(b) Private Limited

Question 7.
From the date of its incorporation the First Annual General Meeting is to be conducted within _______ months.
(a) Twelve
(b) Fifteen
(c) Eighteen
(d) Twenty one
Answer:
(b) Fifteen

Question 8.
What percentage of shareholders is needed to pass special resolution?
(a) It must be unanimous
(b) Not less than 90%
(c) Not less than 75%
(d) More than 50%
Answer:
(c) Not less than 75%

Question 9.
A special resolution must be filed with the Registrar within _______
(a) 7 days
(b) 14 days
(c) 30 days
(d) 60 days
Answer:
(c) 30 days

Question 10.
A special resolution is required to _______
(a) redeem the debentures
(b) declare dividend
(c) appoint directors
(d) appoint auditor
Answer:
(d) appoint auditor

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Who is a Secretary?
Answer:
The person who is responsible for the general performance of an organization is called company secretary.

Question 2.
Define Meeting.
Answer:
A company meeting must be convened and held in perfect compliance with the various provisions of the Act and the rules framed thereunder.

Question 3.
What is Resolution?
Answer:
As per the Companies Act 2013, for taking any decision or executing any transaction, the consent of the shareholders, the Board of Directors and other specified is required. The decisions taken at a meeting are called resolutions

Question 4.
Write short note on ‘Proxy’.
Answer:
‘Proxy’ means a person being the representative of a shareholder at the meeting of the company. Proxy can be present at the meeting but he cannot vote.

Question 5.
What is Vote?
Answer:
The word ‘Vote’ originated from Latin word ‘Votum’ indicating one’s wishes or desire. By casting his vote one formally declares his opinion or wish in favour of or against a proposal or a candidate to be elected for an office.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is Special Resolution?
Answer:
A special resolution is the one which is passed by not less than 75% of majority. The number of votes, cast in favour of the resolution should be three times the number of votes cast against it.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Statutory Meeting?
Answer:
According to Companies Act, every public company, should hold a meeting of the shareholders within 6 months but not earlier than one month from the date of commencement of business of the company. This is the first general meeting of the public company, which is called the Statutory Meeting. This meeting is conducted only once in the lifetime of the company.

Question 3.
What do you understand by ‘Poll’?
Answer:
Poll means tendering or offering vote by ballot to a specially appointed officer, called the polling officer. Under the Companies Act, poll means exercising voting right in proportion to shareholder’s contribution to the paid-up capital of a limited company having a share capital.

Question 4.
Give any three cases in which an ordinary resolution need to be passed.
Answer:
An ordinary resolution is one which can be passed by a simple majority, i.e. if the members of votes cast by members, entitled to vote in favour of the resolution is more than the votes cast against the resolution.
Ordinary Resolution is required for the following matters:

1. To change or rectify the name of the company
2. To alter the share capital of the company
3. To redeem the debentures

Question 5.
What resolution requires special notice?
Answer:
There are certain matters specified in the Companies Act, 2013 which may be discussed at a general meeting only if a special notice is given at least 14 days before the meeting. The intention to propose any resolution must be notified to the company. The following matters require special notice before they are discussed in the meeting:-

1. To appoint an auditor, a person other than a retiring auditor
2. To provide expressly that a retiring Auditor shall not be reappointed
3. To remove a director before the expiry of his period of office
4. To appoint a director in the place of a director so removed

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Elaborate the functions of the Company Secretary.
Answer:
The functions of the Company Secretary may be divided into two types. They are:

1. Statutory functions
2. Non-Statutory functions

Statutory Functions: As the principal officer of the company, the secretary must observe all the legal formalities in respect of the provisions of the Companies Act and other laws, for the activities of the company.
According to Companies Act 2013:

1. To sign document and proceedings requiring authentication by the company
2. To maintain share registers and register of directors and of contracts.
3. TO give notice to register for increase in the share capital
4. To send notice of general meeting to every member of the company
5. To prepare minutes of every general meeting and board meeting within 30 days

Non-Statutory Functions: The secretary has to discharge non-statutory functions in relation to directors, shareholders and office and staff.
Functions in Relation to Directors: A company secretary acts under the full control of the board of directors and carry out the instructions of the directors.

The secretary will arrange board meetings issuing notice, and preparing agenda of meetings, recording the attendance and minutes of meetings.

Functions in Relation to Shareholders: The company secretary must serve in the best interests of the shareholders.
He has to arrange the issue of allotment letters, call letters, letters of regret, share certificates, and share warrants to Shareholders.

Functions in Relation to Office and Staff: The secretary is responsible for smooth functioning of the office work. He exercises an overall supervision, control and co-ordination of all clerical activities in the office.

Question 2.
Discuss the liabilities of Company Secretary.
Answer:
As an officer, a company secretary has extensive duties and liabilities. The success of the company depends upon his efficient functions and capacity to perform.
Liabilities:

1. It is duty of the secretary to arrange for Board meetings and shareholders annual general meeting.
2. The secretary controls and supervises the day-to-day activities of the company.
3. Also he should prepare details for issue of allotment letters, share certificates and dividend warrants.
4. To arrange for filing statement in lieu of prospectus.
5. The secretary should send notice of general meeting to every member of the company.
6. Being a principal officer, a company secretary can sign contracts and proceedings of company meetings.
7. (He is liable to maintain share registers and register of directors and contracts.
8. To prepare minutes of every general meeting and Board meetings within 30 days.

Question 3.
Briefly state different types of company meetings.
Answer:
A Company can convene meetings to discuss the performance of the company and also to take decisions. Under the companies Act 2013, company meetings may be classified as below:
(i) Meetings of Shareholders: The meeting held for the shareholders of the company is shareholders meeting. This may be divided as follows: .
(a) Statutory Meeting: Every public company should hold a meeting of the shareholders within 6 months but not earlier than one month from the commencement of the business.
(b) Annual General Meeting: Every year a meeting is held to transact the ordinary business of the company. It is called annual general meeting.
(c) Extra-Ordinary General Meeting: If any meeting conducted in between two annual general meetings to deal with some urgent or special or extraordinary nature of business is called as extra-ordinary general meeting.

(ii) Meeting of the Board of Directors: To decide policy matters of the company, the board of directors meet frequently, which is known as meeting of the board of directors.
(a) Board Meetings: Meetings of the directors are called board meetings. It may be convened to discuss the business and take formal decisions.
(b) Committee Meetings: Every listed company and every other public company having a capital of ?10 crore is required to have audit committee. The meeting held by this committee is known as committee meetings.

(iii) Special Meeting:
(a) Class Meeting: Meetings held by a particular class of share or debenture holders is
known as Special or Class meeting, e.g. preference shareholders or debenture holders meeting. .
(b) Meetings of the Creditors: These are not meetings of a company. Meetings held with the creditors to discuss any crisis about the financial matters.

Question 4.
Describe the different types of resolutions which company may pass with suitable matters required for each type of resolution.
Answer:
A motion, with or without the amendments which is put to vote at a meeting and passed with the required quorum becomes resolution. Resolution may be classified into three types. They are: Ordinary resolution, Special resolution and resolution requiring special notice.
(i) Ordinary Resolution: An ordinary resolution is one which can be passed by a simple majority.
Ordinary Resolution is required for the following matters:
(a) To change or rectify the name of the company
(b) To alter the share capital of the company
(c) To redeem the debentures
(d) To declare the dividends
(e) To appoint the directors

(ii) Special Resolution: A special resolution is the one which is passed by not less than 75% of majority.
Special Resolution is required for the following matters:
(a) To change the registered office of the company
(b) To alter the Articles of Association
(c) To commence any new business
(d) To appoint the auditor for the company

(iii) Resolution requiring Special Notice: There are certain matters specified in the Companies Act, 2013 which may be discussed at a general meeting only if a special notice is given at least 14 days before the meeting.
The following matters require special notice:
(a) To remove a director before the expiry of his period
(b) To appoint a director in the place of a director so removed

Question 5.
Explain different types of open and secret types of voting.
Answer:
The word ‘Vote’ originated from Latin word ‘Votum’ indicating one’s wishes or desire. He can vote formally by expressing his opinion or wish in favour or against a proposal.
Types of Voting: There are two methods of voting viz, open and secret procedures.
(i) Open Voting: This type of voting has no secrecy as all the members assembled can see – voting. There are two types of open voting namely voice voting and voting by show of hands.
(a) By Voice: Voice voting is a popular type of voting in which the chairman allows the members to raise their voice in favour or against an issue ‘Yes’ for approval and ‘No’ for rejection.
(b) By Show of Hands: Under this method, the chairman requests the members to raise their hands for the proposal.

(ii) Secret Procedure: Secret procedure is adopted to decide certain vital issues. It may be of two types:
(a) By Ballot: Under this system, ballot paper bearing serial number is given to the members to record their opinion by marking with the symbol.
(b) Postal Ballot: Big companies or big associations having members scattered all over . the country follow this method of voting. Under this method, the members or voters fill
in the ballot papers sent by the company and return them in sealed covers.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Company Secretary Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
A statutory meeting can be held within _________ months.
(a) 10
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 3
Answer:
(c) 6

Question 2.
The word ‘Vote’ originated from the Latin word _________ indicating one’s wishes or desires.
(a) Votum
(b) _______
(c) _______
(d) _______
Answer:
(a) Votum

Question 3.
An ordinary resolution is one which can be passed by a _________ majority.
(a) simple
(b) special
(c) high
(d) low
Answer:
(a) simple

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Name the various kinds of meetings of shareholders.
Answer:
The meetings of the shareholders can be divided into three kinds: They are

1. Statutory meeting
2. Annual general meeting
3. Extra-ordinary general meeting

Question 2.
Write a note on class meeting.
Answer:
Meetings, which are held by a particular class of share or debenture holders is known as class meeting, e.g. preference shareholders meetings or debenture holders meeting.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
How the company secretary is appointed?
Answer:
As per section 2 (247, 203, 204) of companies Act 2013, the provisions are given for appointment of company secretary. Only an individual who is a member of Institute of Company Secretaries of India can be „ appointed as a company secretary. There are two methods of appointment of company secretary. They are given below:

1. By the Promoters: The first secretary of a company is appointed by the promoters at pre-incorporation stage.
2. By the First board of Directors: After the company has been registered, the first board of directors appoints the secretary at the first board meeting.

Case study

Case 1:
Mr R, as the secretary of the Muraliviki Co., signed a letter to its bank, forwarding a ‘resolution’ of the board of directors. The resolution named three directors and instructed the bank to pay cheques signed by any two of them and countersigned by the secretary. Specimen signatures were attached. The instruction was entirely in accordance with the company’s memorandum and articles. However, there had never been any proper appointment of directors or a secretary by the company. Those who had formed the company had assumed their roles. Following the letter, the bank had honoured cheques in accordance with the instructions contained in the letter. The question was, whether, the company was bound by the cheques. Comment.
Answer:
Yes, the company was bound liable for the cheques given.
Because, the company has instructed the bank to pay cheques signed by any two of the director and countersigned by the Secretary. So the bank honoured the cheques issued by the company.

Case 2:
A contract between Muthumani Ltd and Mr. V, one of its director is referred to a general meeting for its approval. At the meeting, Mr. V voted for the resolution and all others against it. But as V held majority of shares and was entitled to majority of votes, the resolution was passed. Is the contract binding on the company?
Answer:
No. The contract is not binding the company. Because the director Mr.V is having majority of shares. So the resolution is passed by Mr.V, by having majority of votes.

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Phrasal Verb, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Phrasal Verb

Replace the underlined phrasal verb with a single word or vice versa in the following sentences.

Question 1.
The burglars had to account for all the jewels and money that had gone missing.
(a) to suggest
(b) give reasons
(c) to understand
(d) to explain
Answer:
(d) to explain

Question 2.
The thief backed away when the police pulled out the gun.
(a) to retreat
(b) look forward to
(c) look down upon
(d) looked back
Answer:
(a) to retreat

Question 3.
He keeps barging in to distract me when I am trying to do my homework.
(a) opposing
(b) to interrupt
(c) to fall upon
(d) to tolerate
Answer:
(b) to interrupt

Question 4.
The Opposition party called for the minister’s resignation after the scandal broke.
(a) ask for
(b) in deep waters
(c) draw a blank
(d) demand
Answer:
(d) demand

Question 5.
The coach was apprehensive as to when Thanga Mariyappan would show up for the practice.
(a) get permission
(b) arrive
(c) show places
(d) act
Answer:
(b) arrive

Question 6.
She fawned over the external examiner in the hope that she would score more in the Physics viva voce.
(a) well behaved
(b) to tease
(c) sceptically look at
(d) try to flatter
Answer:
(d) try to flatter

Question 7.
The guest lecturer asked the students to pipe down and pay attention.
(a) be quiet
(b) be playful
(c) be serious
(d) be aggressive
Answer:
(a) be quiet

Question 8.
I disliked the idea of playing cards but had to pretend as if I liked it in order to please them,
(a) play well
(b) play with
(c) play along
(d) play with enthusiasm
Answer:
(c) play along

Question 9.
She popped in for a coffee on her way to station.
(a) to give poppins
(b) visit for a short time
(c) be in a hurry
(d) to jump in excitement
Answer:
(b) visit for a short time

Question 10.
The lorry was going slowly, blocking our way, but we managed to pull ahead.
(a) overtake
(b) diturb
(c) to deceive
(d) to distract
Answer:
(a) overtake

Question 11.
I just can’t seem to get into this book.
(a) give in
(b) give out
(c) to be interested
(d) give a try
Answer:
(c) to be interested

Question 12.
They waited for the storm to blow over.
(a) calm down
(b) get aggravated
(c) get through
(d) escape
Answer:
(a) calm down

Question 13.
She popped off at the school principal and got fired
(a) to skip
(b) spoke angrily
(c) to be excited
(d) to jump
Answer:
(b) spoke angrily

Question 14.
Some of the crowd peeled away to avoid stampede.
(a) gave away
(b) went in another direction
(c) went away
(d) paved way
Answer:
(b) went in another direction

Question 15.
The list of winners were narrowed down from five to two.
(a) to choose the most appropriate
(b) become thinner
(c) look up
(d) look at
Answer:
(a) to choose the most appropriate

Question 16.
If you want to keep your job here, you must abide by our rules.
(a) to set rules
(b) to understand
(c) to bid farewell
(d) to accept and obey
Answer:
(d) to accept and obey

Question 17.
When the CBI officers started asking questions, the suspects crammed.
(a) got away
(b) became speechless
(e) became frightened
(d) grouped together
Answer:
(b) became speechless

Question 18.
Kamala fell down while walking to school and blacked out.
(a) wear black dress
(b) to forget
(c) to faint
(d) to see black colour
Answer:
(c) to faint

Question 19.
The local authorities have decided to take strong action on illegal parking by bikers
(a) clamp down
(b) clamp off
(c) clamp aside
(d) put off
Answer:
(a) clamp down

Question 20.
I’ve decided to reduce on the amount of chocolates I eat.
(a) cut in
(b) make lesser
(c) cut out
(d) cut down
Answer:
(d) cut down

Question 21.
They are trying to figure out how to earn enough money to go on the trip to Kullu Manali.
(a) to come to a conclusion
(b) to find a solution
(c) to clear misunderstandings
(d) to try
Answer:
(b) to find a solution

Question 22.
It’s important to be on good terms with your teammates in an office.
(a) get along
(b) get in
(c) to be safe
(d) to be alert
Answer:
(a) get along

Question 23.
Srikanth and his friends volunteered to the flood relief camps where they handed out clothes,
(a) to carry
(b) to give a helping help
(c) to distribute
(d) to carry out
Answer:
(c) to distribute

Question 24.
The two teams met at the stadium to resolve their difference in opinions.
(a) iron in
(b) iron out
(c) iron away
(d) iron off
Answer:
(b) iron out

Question 25.
She refused the offer to go abroad with a better job profile.
(a) turn up
(b) turn for
(c) turn out
(d) turn down
Answer:
(d) turn down

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Definition of Words, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Definition of Words

Question 1.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Fatalism’.
(a) The belief in after life
(b) The belief that God manifests everywhere
(c) The belief in attacks by ghosts
(d) The belief that all events in life are predetermined and inevitable
Answer:
(d) The belief that all events in life are predetermined and inevitable

Question 2.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Anthology’.
(a) A collection of selected literary passages
(b) A collection of archeological substances
(c) A collection of maps
(d) A collection of lyrics
Answer:
(a) A collection of selected literary passages

Question 3.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Apology’.
(a) A feeling of delight at seeing others sorrows
(b) A feeling of relief
(c) A feeling of jealousy at someone’s growth
(d) An expression of regret at having caused trouble for someone
Answer:
(d) An expression of regret at having caused trouble for someone

Question 4.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Etymology’.
(a) A study about the history and origin of a rocks
(b) A study about the history and origin of a word
(c) A study about the world beyond our galaxy
(d) A study of evolution
Answer:
(b) A study about the history and origin of a word

Question 5.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Philology’.
(a) The humanistic study of language and literature
(b) The study of phylogenetic trees
(c) The study of cell and its structure
(d) The study of the physical world
Answer:
(a) The humanistic study of language and literature

Question 6.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Numismatist’.
(a) The one who collects photos
(b) The one who collects antiques
(c) The one who collects newspaper
(d) The one who collects coins
Answer:
(d) The one who collects coins

Question 7.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘chronophobia’.
(a) Fear of writing
(b) Fear of time
(c) Fear of crocodile
(d) Fear of colour
Answer:
(b) Fear of time

Question 8.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Tautology’.
(a) Useless repetition
(b) Useful solution
(c) Useless article
(d) Collection of similar poems
Answer:
(a) Useless repetition

Question 9.
An anecdotist is
(a) One who draws route maps
(b) One who writes novels
(c) One who is skilled in anecdotes
(d) One who cooks up story
Answer:
(c) One who is skilled in anecdotes

Question 10.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Apiologist’.
(a) A person who studies about bees
(b) One who rears horse
(c) One who studies about cattle
(d) One who rears and studies about hen
Answer:
(a) A person who studies about bees

Question 11.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Cumulatist’.
(a) One who is cumbersome
(b) One who likes cucumber
(c) One who accumulates
(d) One who shatters
Answer:
(c) One who accumulates

Question 12.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Red-tapist’.
(a) One who adheres to old-traditions
(b) One who is tenacious of a strict adherence to official formalities
(c) One who is very disciplined
(d) One who is interested in journalism
Answer:
(b) One who is tenacious of a strict adherence to official formalities

Question 13.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Sexism’.
(a) A term to denote a person’s character
(b) A term that denotes a person’s personality
(c) Prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination on the basis of a person’s sex or gender
(d) A term that denotes domination of certain caste
Answer:
(c) Prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination on the basis of a person’s sex or gender

Question 14.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Cartography’.
(a) The science of drawing maps
(b) The art of making horse carriages
(c) The art of making bullock carts
(d) Study of ancient monuments
Answer:
(a) The science of drawing maps

Question 15.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Choreography’.
(a) Movie making in Chinese language
(b) Movie making in Korean language
(c) The study of earth’s core
(d) The art of designing steps in ballet or another staged dance, or the written steps for such movements.
Answer:
(d) The art of designing steps in ballet or another staged dance, or the written steps for such movements.

Question 16.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Philanthropist’.
(a) A person who is an expert in playing the piano
(b) A person who donates for good causes
(c) A person having strong desire to pen poetry
(d) A person who sells pistols
Answer:
(b) A person who donates for good causes

Question 17.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Hedonism’.
(a) The ethical theory that pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of human life.
(b) Theory that states there is only one God
(c) Belief in heaven and hell
(d) A strong desire to become God
Answer:
(a) The ethical theory that pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of human life.

Question 18.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Archive’.
(a) Accumulation of old musical records
(b) Accumulation of historical records or the physical place they are located
(c) Record of extra-terrestrial facts
(d) Record of ancient culture
Answer:
(b) Accumulation of historical records or the physical place they are located

Question 19.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Farce’.
(a) A humourous animated movie
(b) A documentary on the realtionship of a Falcon and a man
(c) Review of a film
(d) A humorous play or film where the characters become involved in unlikely situations
Answer:
(d) A humorous play or film where the characters become involved in unlikely situations

Question 20.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Eclogue’.
(a) A short poem, especially a pastoral dialogue between shepherds
(b) Dialogues shared between sages
(c) Information shared between poets of different countries
(d) Information shared by spies to the government
Answer:
(a) A short poem, especially a pastoral dialogue between shepherds

Question 21.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Epic’.
(a) A short story of a film actor
(b) Documentary on a national leader
(e) Biography of a cricketer
(d) Long narrative poems on the adventures and deeds of one or more heroic characters
Answer:
(d) Long narrative poems on the adventures and deeds of one or more heroic characters

Question 22.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Assonance’.
(a) The repetition of verbs
(b) The repetition of Consonant
(c) The repetition of a vowel sound
(d) The repetition of phrases
Answer:
(c) The repetition of a vowel sound

Question 23.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Hyperbole’.
(a) Art of mimicry
(b) The rhetoric art of exaggeration
(c) Overreacting to a particular situation
(d) Fast bowler
Answer:
(b) The rhetoric art of exaggeration

Question 24.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Elegy’.
(a) The songs were written as a lament, usually for a person who is dead
(b) A humourous play script
(c) Lyrics of a poem
(d) Dialogues of a play
Answer:
(a) The songs were written as a lament, usually for a person who is dead

Question 25.
Choose the right definition for the given term ‘Feminism’.
(a) A doctrine that advocates equal rights to education
(b) A doctrine that advocates safety of Pelicans
(c) A doctrine that advocates equal rights for women
(d) Description of a beautiful women
Answer:
(c) A doctrine that advocates equal rights for women

Words	Definition
Amateurism	Practicing any sport as a hobby rather than to become a professional
Aerodrome	A small airport or airfield
Anthropology	The study of human societies and cultures and their development
Astronomer	A scientist who studies the stars, planets, and other natural objects in space
Bohemia	A descriptive term for a stereotypical way of life for artists and intellectuals
Cartography	The study of maps
Commentator	A person who commentates on a sports match or other event
Emanicipist	A convict who has served out their sentence or has been pardoned
Enigmatist	someone who speaks mysteriously
Engineer	A person who designs, builds, or maintains engines, machines, or structures
Faddism	A tendency to like a style, activity, or interest for a very short period of time
Feminism	The advocacy of women’s rights on the ground of the equality of the sexes.
Fictionist	One who promotes fictions
Geomagnetism	the branch of geology concerned with the magnetic properties of the earth
Heroism	Great bravery.
Idealism	Belief that the best possible concepts should be pursued
Martialist	One interested or skilled in warlike arts and techniques.
Nonagenarian	A person who is between 90 and 99 years old
Numismatist	Someone who studies or collects coins, paper money, or medals
Patriotism	Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
Philanthropist	One who helps others by providing generous donations
Predecessor	A person who held a job or office before the current holder
Procrastinator	A person who habitually puts off doing things
Somnambulism	A habit of walking in sleep
Thespian	Someone who is an actor or actress

Students can Download Commerce Chapter 7 Cooperative Organisation Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Solutions Chapter 7 Cooperative Organisation

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Cooperative Organisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
Membership in a cooperative organization is ………………….
(a) Not open to all
(b) Selective
(c) Open to all
(d) None of them
Answer:
(c) Open to all

Question 2.
Cooperative fails because of ………………….
(a) Unlimited membership
(b) Cash trading
(c) Mismanagement
(d) Loss – making
Answer:
(c) Mismanagement

Question 3.
All cooperatives are established with …………………
(a) Philanthropic motive
(b) Service motive
(c) Profit motive
(d) Reform motive
Answer:
(b) Service motive

Question 4.
Consumers Co – operation was first successful in …………………
(a) England
(b) USA
(c) Swiss
(d) India
Answer:
(a) England

Question 5.
Rochdale society of equitable pioneers was started by …………………..
(a) Robert Owen
(b) HC Calvert
(c) Talmaki
(d) Lambert
Answer:
(a) Robert Owen

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the cooperative organization?
Answer:
A Cooperative is a private business organization that is owned and controlled by the people who use its products, supplies, or services. It is a form of business organisation which is voluntarily organised for poor people. The aim is to render service only.

Question 2.
Define cooperatives.
Answer:
Co – operation is a form of organization in which persons voluntarily associate together as human beings on the basis of equality for the promotion of the economic interests of themselves.

Question 3.
What is Credit cooperatives?
Answer:
Credit Cooperative societies are societies formed for providing short-term financial help to their members. It helps in developing the habit of saving among the members. It can be further divided into agricultural credit societies or non-agricultural credit societies.

Question 4.
Is low taxes possible in a Cooperative society?
Answer:
Yes, Low taxes are possible in a cooperative society because it is a non-profit enterprise, and the government provides various exemptions and tax concessions.

Question 5.
Who are Rochdale Pioneers?
Answer:
The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, founded on 21 December 1844, was an early consumer co-operative, and one of the first to pay a patronage dividend, forming the basis for the modem co-operative movement.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the disadvantages of Cooperatives? (Any 3)
Answer:
1. Limited funds:
Co-operative societies have limited membership and are promoted by the weaker sections. The membership fees collected is low. Therefore the funds available with the co-operatives are limited.

2. Over-reliance on Government funds:
Co-operative societies are not able to raise their own resources. Their sources of financing are limited and they depend on government funds.

3. Imposed by Government:
In the Western countries, co-operative societies were voluntarily started by the weaker sections. The objective is to improve their economic status and protect themselves from exploitation by businessmen. But in India, the co – cooperative movement was initiated and established by the Government.

Question 2.
Write a note on Housing cooperatives.
Answer:
It is meant to provide residential accommodation to their members on an ownership basis or on rent. These societies advance loans to members, repayable over a period of 15 to 20 years. It acquires land, constructs houses, and rent them to members. The member- tenant, however, can own the houses after paying the cost.

Question 3.
What is meant by Producers cooperative society?
Answer:
Producer cooperatives are created by producers and owned and operated by producers. Producers can decide to work together or as separate entities to help increase marketing possibilities and production efficiency. They are organized to process, market, and distribute their own products. This helps lessen costs and strains in each area with a mutual benefit to each producer.

Question 4.
Write a note on cooperative forming societies.
Answer:
Various farmers in a village pool their land together and agree to treat the pooled piece of land as one big farm for the purpose of cultivation, purchase the necessary inputs for the cultivation, and market the crops jointly, they are assumed to have formed a cooperative farming, society. Besides land ‘the farmers also ‘ contribute various productive assets as well as their labour for the purpose of cultivations. Whereas they get rent for their land and productive assets, they get wages, for their labour.

Question 5.
Write a note on industrial cooperatives.
Answer:
An industrial cooperative is organised by small scale producers. Cooperative undertakings are a useful means of developing small scale and cottage industries. Industrial cooperatives are very useful in obtaining raw materials, in improving the quality of products.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the principles of cooperatives? (Any 5)
Answer:
1. Voluntary and Open Membership:
Co-operatives are voluntary organizations, open to all people able to use its services and willing to accept the responsibilities of membership, without gender, social, racial, political, or religious discrimination.

2. Democratic Member Control:
Co-operatives are democratic organizations controlled by their members—those who buy the goods or use the services of the cooperative—who actively participate in setting policies and making decisions.

3. Member’s Economic Participation:
Members contribute equally to, and democratically control, the capital of the cooperative. This benefits member in proportion to the business they conduct with the cooperative rather than on the capital invested.

4. Autonomy and Independence:
Co-operatives are autonomous, self-help organizations controlled by their members. If the co-operative organisation enters into agreements with other organizations or raises capital from external sources, it is done so based on terms that ensure democratic control by the members and maintains the co-operative’s autonomy.

5. Education, Training, and Information:
Co-operatives provide education and training for members, elected representatives, managers and employees so they can contribute effectively to the development of their cooperative. Members also inform the general public about the nature and benefits of cooperatives.

Question 2.
What are the advantages of a cooperative society?
Answer:
1. Voluntary organisation:
The membership of a cooperative society is open to all. Any person with common interests can become a member. The membership fee is kept low so that everyone would be able to join and benefit from cooperative societies.

2. Easy formation:
Cooperatives can be formed much easier when compared to a company. Any 10 members who have attained majority can join together for forming a cooperative society by observing simple legal formalities.

3. Democracy:
A co-operative society is run on the principle of ‘one man one vote‘. It implies that all members have equal rights in managing the affairs of the enterprises.

4. Equal distribution of surplus:
The surplus generated by the cooperative societies is distributed in an equitable manner among members. Therefore all the members of the cooperative society are benefited.

5. Limited liability:
The liability of the members in a cooperative society is limited to the extent of their capital contribution. They cannot be personally held liable for the debts of society.

Question 3.
What are the types of Cooperative society?
Answer:
The following are some of the important advantages of co-operative societies.
1. Voluntary organization:
The membership of a cooperative society is open to all Any person with a common interest can become a member. The membership fee is kept low so that everyone would be able to join and benefit from cooperative societies. At the. same time, any member who wants to leave society is free to do so. There are no entry or exit barriers. for beginners the cooperatives are classified as follows:

2. Consumers Cooperatives:
Consumer cooperatives are organized by consumers that want to achieve better prices or quality in the goods or services they purchase. They also supply essential commodities through Public Distribution System (PDS). Credit unions are essentially cooperatives of people that use banking services.

3. Producers Cooperatives:
Producer cooperatives are established and operated by producers. Producers can decide to work together or as separate entities to help increase marketing possibilities and production efficiency. This helps lessen costs and strains in each area with a mutual benefit to each producer.

4. Marketing Cooperatives:
Co-operative marketing societies are associations of small producers formed for the purpose of marketing their produce. They secure better prices for their members by transporting goods even to distant markets. Advance is also given to -members against produce deposited with the society.

5. Credit Cooperatives:
Co-operative credit societies are those formed for the purpose of providing short term financial help to their members. Agriculturists, artisans, industrial workers, salaried employees, etc., form these credit societies. Credit societies may be agricultural credit societies or non-agricultural credit societies.

6. Housing Co-operatives:
These co-operative housing societies are meant to provide residential accommodation to their members on an ownership basis or on rent. These societies advance loans to members, repayable over a period of 15 to 20 years.’These are house construction societies which acquire land, construct houses and rent them to members. The member-tenant, however, can own the houses after paying the cost.

7. Co-operative Farming Societies:
When various farmers in a village pool their land together and agree to treat the pooled piece of land as one big farm for the purpose of cultivation, purchase the necessary inputs for the cultivation, and market the crops jointly, they are assumed to have formed a cooperative farming society.

Question 4.
Write a note on Consumer cooperative society.
Answer:
Consumer cooperatives are organized by consumers that want to achieve better prices or quality in the goods or services they purchase. In contrast to traditional retail stores or service providers, a consumer cooperative exists to deliver goods or services rather than to maximize profits from selling those goods or services. Nationally, the most widely used cooperative form is the credit union, with some 90 million members. Credit union assets have grown a hundredfold in three decades. Credit unions are essentially cooperatives of people that use banking services. Students’ cooperative stores, Cooperative provision stores, Supermarkets set up in cooperative societies of India are examples of this type.

Question 5.
Whether misuse of funds is possible in cooperatives.
Answer:
Yes. There are chances for misuse of funds in a cooperative society. If the members of the managing committee are corrupt they can cheat the funds of the co-operative society. Many cooperative socièties have faced financial troubles and closed down because of corruption and misuse of funds.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Cooperative Organisation Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
At first, the cooperative movement was started by Robert Owen, in the year………………
(a) 1935
(b) 1932
(c) 1844
(d) 1884
Answer:
(c) 1844

Question 2.
………………….. of the profit can be kept in reserve.
(a) one – fourth
(b) one – third
(c) one-sixth
(d) two-third
Answer:
(a) one – fourth

Question 3.
The minimum number of members to start a cooperative is …………………
(a) 10
(b) 15
(c) 20
(d) 25
Answer:
(a) 10

Case Study

Chandru, a trade union activist, lives in a Workers’ colony in the city of Chennai. He is a devoted leader for the cause of workers’ welfare. For the last many months he has been observing that the local vendors of commodities of daily use have been making huge profits by charging high process from workers. He cannot tolerate all this and thinks of the idea of opening a consumer cooperative store in the colony.

He calls a few elderly workers of the locality, tells them about their exploitation by merchants, and discusses with them all his plans to solve the problem. Merchants and discusses with them all his plans to solve the problem. While some of the workers welcome the scheme. Others express their genuine doubts about its feasibility and success. Take the roles of these workers and list out the possible arguments among them.
Answer:
To start a cooperative store, a minimum of 25 members to be needed. He decides to know the problem to start a cooperative society.

1. Voluntary membership: Any person can be a member of society and can leave it at any time.
2. Capital formation: The local membership formed, they have to collect cash in the name of the capital from the members.
3. Collect information from where the raw materials to be purchased.
4. How to sell the purchased goods at a low profit to all members.
5. To check what are the services to be needed for the local area people.

Solution:

• The capital investment must be collected from all members.
• To select the work to hand over to the correct employee.
• Except for a particular percentage of profit, must be used for public welfare.
• Water facilities, electricity services, drainage services to be given by the earned profits.

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Sentence Patterns, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations. Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Sentence Patterns

Subject	Verb	Object
I	met	the doctor.
Father	cooks	food.
Children	enjoy	sweets.
Tom Dutt	wrote	the poem “Lotus”.
They	painted	the gate.
We	shall visit	Pollachi.
They	are arranging	the meeting.
She	has won	a scholarship.
They	had met	Raheem.
You	are reading	a novel.
Subject	Verb	Complement
The day	is	too cold.
The dictionary	cooks	food.
Children	enjoy	sweets.
Tom Dutt	was	new.
He will	become	a doctor
They	are	lazy
She	will	be sixty
It	was	a new challenge
Clouds	are	thick
They	were	happy
None	is bom	poor
Subject	Verb	Adjunct
He	came	late.
She	talks	sweetly.
He	speaks	fast.
The crowd	became	noisy.
The water	cools	slowly.
The cloud	passed	slowly.
She	looks	critical.
The book	looks	old.
The lady	walks	slowly.

Identify the sentence pattern of the following:

Question 1.
He taught me Spanish.
(a) SVIODO (b) SVC (c) SVO (d) SVC A
Answer:
(a) SVIODO

Question 2.
He is a lecturer with a lot of experience.
(a) SVAAA (b) SVAC (c) SVOC (d) SVCA
Answer:
(d) SVC A

Question 3.
He wore his new uniform to school today.
(a) SVO (b) SVOA (c) SVIODO (d) SVC A
Answer:
(b) SVOA

Question 4.
All the goats have been milked.
(a) SVIODO (b) SV (c) SVO (d) SVOCA
Answer:
(b) SV

Question 5.
Dr. Kumaran is a Psychiatrist.
(a) SVIODO (b) SVOC (c) SVA (d) SVC
Answer:
(d) SVC

Question 6.
She went to Kolkatta.
(a) SVA (b) SVC A (c) SVIODO (d) SVIODOA
Answer:
(a) SVA

Question 7.
My father bought me a cycle.
(a) SVOA (b) SVOC (c) SVIODO (d) SVCA
Answer:
(c) SVIODO

Question 8.
She bought vegetables.
(a) SVIODO (b) SVO (c) SVOAA (a) SVCA
Answer:
(b) SVO

Question 9.
Vikram plays cricket daily.
(a) SVIODO (b) SVCA (c) SVO (d) SVOA
Answer:
(d) SVOA

Question 10.
The weather is very hot in Chennai.
(a) SVCA (b) SVOC (c) SVO (d) SVIODO
Answer:
(a) SVCA

Question 11.
These roses arc beautiful.
(a) SVIODOA (b) SVDOIOA (c) SVC (d) SVIODO
Answer:
(c) SVC

Question 12.
The crowd cheered hìm vigorously.
(a) SVO (b) SVOA (c) SVOC (a) SVCA
Answer:
(b) SVOA

Question 13.
My friend gifted me a mobile.
(a) SVIODO (b) SVAA (c) SVO (a) SVCA
Answer:
(a) SVIODO

Question 14.
She danced beautifully on stage yesterday.
(a) SVIODO (b) SVOC (c) SVO (d) SVAA
Answer:
(d) SVAA

Question 15.
The boys made the teacher angry.
(a) SVIODO (b) SVAA (c) SVOC (a) AVSC
Answer:
(c) SVOC

Question 16.
They elected Chitra the class leader.
(a) SVIODO (b) SVOC (c) SVO (a) SVCA
Answer:
(b) SVOC

Question 17.
Nishanth is brave.
(a) SVC (b) SVAA (c) SVOAA (cl) SVOA
Answer:
(a) SVC

Question 18.
They are reading in the library.
(a) SVIODO (b) SVA (c) SVOAA (a) SVCA
Answer:
(b) SVA

Question 19.
My brother is doing homework.
(a) SVIODO (b) SVAA (c) SVO (a) SVC
Answer:
(c) SVO

Question 20.
Vivek grew tired after the match.
(a) SVCA (b) SVAA (c) SVO (cl) SVC
Answer:
(a) SVCA

Question 21.
Could you send him a reminder?
(a) SVA (b) SVC (c) SVO (d) SVLODO
Answer:
(d) SVLODO

Question 22.
Smart phone does not make people smart.
(a) SVC (b) SVDOC (c) SVO (d) SVA
Answer:
(b) SVDOC

Question 23.
She can’t finish all assignments in one day.
(a) SVIODOA (b) SVIODO (c) SVOA (d) SVCA
Answer:
(c) SVOA

Question 24.
I had a terrific time yesterday.
(a) SVC (b) SVAC (c) SVOCA (d) SVCA
Answer:
(d) SVCA

Question 25.
He is studying in Canada.
(a) ASVO (b) SVA (c) SVC (d) SVOA
Answer:
(c) SVC

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Singular/Plural

Question 1.
What is the plural form of ‘pitch’?
(a) pitchs (b) pitches (c) pitch (d) pitcher
Answer:
(d) volcanoes

Question 2.
What is the plural form of “penny”?
(a) pennies (b) pennys (c) penns (d) pennyses
Answer:
(a) pennies

Question 3.
What is the plural form of “person”?
(a) persones (b) persons (c) people (d) peoples
Answer:
(b) persons

Question 4.
What is the plural form of ‘loaf?
(a) loafs (b) loafes (c) loaf (d) loaves
Answer:
(d) loaves

Question 5.
What is the plural form of ‘focus’?
(a) focuses (b) foci (c) focis (d) focuse
Answer:
(b) foci

Question 6.
What is the plural form of ‘child’?
(a) childs (b) childes (c) children (d) childrens
Answer:
(c) children

Question 7.
What is the plural form of‘deer’?
(a) deer (b) deers (c) deeres (d) deeries
Answer:
(a) deer

Question 8.
What is the plural form of ‘ox’?
(a) oxes (b) ox’s (c) oxen (d) oxies
Answer:
(c) oxen

Question 9.
What is the plural form of ‘wolf?
(a) wolfs (b) wolves (c) wolfies (d) wolfes
Answer:
(b) wolves

Question 10.
What is the plural form of ‘Chinese’?
(a) Chinese (b) Chineses (c) Chinesies (d) Chinese’s
Answer:
(a) Chinese

Question 11.
What is the plural form of ‘military’?
(a) military (b) militarys (c) militares (d) militaries
Answer:
(d) militaries

Question 12.
What is the plural form of ‘sister-in-law’?
(a) sisteres-in-law 0b) sister-in-laws (c) sisters-in-law (d) sister-in-lawes
Answer:
(c) sisters-in-law

Question 13.
What is the plural form of ‘moose’?
(a) moosies (b) moose (c) mooses (d) mooseses
Answer:
(b) moose

Question 14.
What is the plural form of ‘fish’?
(a) fishs (b) fish (c) fishies (d) fishes
Answer:
(b) fish

Question 15.
What is the plural form of ‘potato’?
(a) potato (b) potatos (c) potatoes (d) potatosies
Answer:
(c) potatoes

Question 16.
What is the plural form of ‘university’?
(a) university (b) universities (c) universitys (d) universityses
Answer:
(b) universities

Question 17.
What is the plural form of ‘celebrity’?
(a) celebritys (b) celebrities’ (c) celebrityses (d) celebritieses
Answer:
(b) celebrities

Question 18.
What is the plural form of ‘aircraft’?
(a) aircraft (b) aircraft (c) airscrafts (d) aircrafts
Answer:
(a) aircrafts

Question 19.
What is the plural form of ‘foot’?
(a) foots (b) feet (c) foot (d) footies
Answer:
(b) feet

Question 20.
What is the plural form of ‘tooth’?
(a) tooth (b) toothes (c) tooths (d) teeth
Answer:
(d) teeth

SINGULAR	PLURAL
1. spy	spies
2. cactus	cacti
3. fungus	fungi
4. nucleus	nuclei
5. analysis	analyses
6. oasis	oases
7. diagnosis	diagnoses
8. thesis	theses
9. phenomenon	phenomena
10. crisis	crises
11. criterion	criteria
12. datum	data
13. dish	dishes
14. watch	watches
15. branch	branches
16. scarf	scarves
17. cuff	cuffs
18. chef	chefs
19. army	armies
20. Runner-up	Runners-up
21. Editor-in-chief	Editors-in-chief
22. Grandson-in-law	Grandsons-in-law
23. vertex	vertices
24. index	indices
25. datum	data
26. criterion	criteria
27. phenomenon	phenomena
28. crisis	crises
29. curriculum	curricula
30. emphasis	emphases
31. family	families
32. iris	irises
33. memorandum	memoranda
34. reflex	reflexes
35. series	series
36. tax	taxes
37. millennium	millennia
38. spectrum	spectra
39. passer-by	passers-by
40. tiding	tidings
41. ellipsis	ellipses
42. decoy	decoys
43. jersey	jerseys
44. hypothesis	hypotheses

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Syllabification, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Get a Practical Study with the help of Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar to make learning language much easy for you and score good grades in exams.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Syllabification

Read the following rules to answer the questions given below.
Every syllable has only one vowel sound.

Rule 1: One-syllable Words. Never divide a one-syllable word. Eg: help, said, take, hop
Rule 2: Digraphs (Ch, Cl, PI, Gr,..) Digraphs are never separated. Eg: buck.le, cloth.ing, feath.er
Rule 3: Compound Words. Divide compound words between the words. Eg: cup.board, pin.hole
Rule 4: If one consonant comes between two vowels, divide after the long vowel if the vowel is long or after the consonant if the vowel is short.
Examples: Long Vowel—bo.nus, la.bor and Short Vowel—silver, grav.el
Rule 5: When two consonants come between vowels in a word, split them. Examples: kit.ten, pup.pet f
Rule 6: When two vowels are together in a word and are sounded separately, divide the vowels. Examples: di.et, cre.ate, ra.di.o
When two vowels are together in a word and make one sound, do not divide between the vowels. Examples: spread, bounce, prowl
Rule 7: When a word contains a prefix, divide the word between the prefix and the base or root word. Examples: re.in.stall, un.plug, o.ver.cast, in.ter.change, re.start
Rule 8: When a word contains a suffix, divide the word between base or root word and the suffix. Examples: soap.y, mind.ful, sing.ing, sheep.ish
Rule 9: When a word ends in le preceded by a consonant, divide the word before the consonant. Examples: kin.dle, man.tle, rum.ble, dim.ple

Exercise:

Question 1.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘ingratitude’.
(a) ingra-titude
(b) in-grat-i-tude
(c) in-gr-at-i-tu-de
(d) ingrat-i-tu-de
Answer:
(b) in-grat-i-tude

Question 2.
Choose the correct syllabification for “accident”.
(a) ac-ci-dent
(b) acc-i-dent
(c) acci-dent
(d) acc-id-ent
Answer:
(a) ac-ci-dent

Question 3.
Choose the correct syllabification for “argumentative”?
(a) arg-u-men-ta-tive
(b) ar-gu-men-ta-tive
(c) argu-men-ta-tive
(d) arg-umen-ta-tive
Answer:
(b) ar-gu-men-ta-tive

Question 4.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘dramatic’.
(a) dram-at-ic
(b) dra-m-atic
(c) dr-ama-tic
(d) dra-mat-ic
Answer:
(d) dra-mat-ic

Question 5.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘institution’.
(a) m-sti-tu-tion
(b) ins—ti-tu-tion
(c) insti-tu-tion
(d) in-stit-u-tion
Answer:
(a) m-sti-tu-tion

Question 6.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘inspiration’.
(a) ins-pi-ra-tion
(b) ins-pir-a-tion
(c) in-spi-ra-tion
(d) inspi-ra-tion
Answer:
(c) in-spi-ra-tion

Question 7.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘simultaneous’.
(a) si-mult-a-ne-ous
(b) si-mul-ta-ne-ous
(c) sim-ul-ta-ne-ous
(d) si-mul-tan-eous
Answer:
(b) si-mul-ta-ne-ous

Question 8.
Choose the correct syLlabification for ‘eradicate’.
(a) er-a-di-cate
(b) e-rad-i-cate
(c) e-ra-di-cate
(d) era-di-cate
Answer:
(c) e-ra-di-cate

Question 9.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘audacious’.
(a) au-da-ci-ous
(b) au-da-cious
(c) au-da-ci-o-us
(d) auda-ci-ous
Answer:
(b) au-da-cious

Question 10.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘fortunate’.
(a) fort-un-ate
(b) for-tun-ate
(c) fort-u-nate
(d) for-tu-nate
Answer:
(d) for-tu-nate

Question 11.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘facilitate’.
(a) fa-ci-li-t-ate
(b) fa-cil-i-taLe
(c) fac-il-i-tate
(a) fa-ci-li-tate
Answer:
(b) fa-cil-i-taLe

Question 12.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘diligence’. :
(a) dil-i-gence
(b) di-li-gence
(c) dili-gen-ce
(d) di-hg-ence
Answer:
(a) dil-i-gence

Question 13.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘cloistered’.
(a) cloi-stered
(b) ci-ol-ster-ed
(c) cloi-ste-red
(d) cloiste-red
Answer:
(a) cloi-stered

Question 14.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘magnificent’.
(a) mag-nif-icent
(b) ma-gni-fi-cent
(c) mag-nif-i-cent
(a) mag-ni-fi-cent
Answer:
(c) mag-nif-i-cent

Question 15.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘philology’.
(a) phi-loI-o-gy
(b) phil-ol-ogy
(c) phil-ol-o-gy
(d) phil-olo-gy
Answer:
(a) phi-loI-o-gy

Question 16.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘detect’.
(a) det-ec-t
(b) de-te-et
(c) det-ect
(d) de-tect
Answer:
(d) de-tect

Question 17.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘eccentric’.
(a) ec-cent-ric
(b) ec-cen-tric
(c) ecc-en-tric
(d) ecc-ent-ric
Answer:
(b) ec-cen-tric

Question 18.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘expression’.
(a) ex-pre-ssion
(b) ex-press-ion
(c) ex-pres-sion
(d) exp-rcs-sion
Answer:
(c) ex-pres-sion

Question 19.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘particular’.
(a) par-ti-cul-ar
(b) part-ic-uI-ar
(c) par-ti-cu-lar
(d) par-tic-u-lar
Answer:
(d) par-tic-u-lar

Question 20.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘censure’.
(a) c-en-sure
(b) cen-sure
(c) cen-su-re
(d) ce-ns-ure
Answer:
(b) cen-sure

Question 21.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘democratic’.
(a) de-mo-era-tic
(b) demo-cratic
(c) dem-o-crat-ic
(d) demo-crat-ic
Answer:
(c) dem-o-crat-ic

Question 22.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘establish’.
(a) es-tab-lish
(b) es-ta-blish
(c) est-ab-lish
(d) es-tab-li-sh
Answer:
(a) es-tab-lish

Question 23.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘communication’.
(a) corn-mu-ni-ca-lion
(b) corn-mu-ni-cat-ion
(c) com-mu-n-ic-ation
(d) com-mu-nic-a-tion
Answer:
(a) corn-mu-ni-ca-lion

Question 24.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘president’.
(a) pre-side-nt
(b) pre-sid-ent
(c) pre-si-dent
(d) pres-i-dent
Answer:
(c) pre-si-dent

Question 25.
Choose the correct syllabification for ‘confidence’.
(a) con-fide-nce
(b) con-fid-ence
(c) conf-i-dence
(d) con-fi-dence
Answer:
(d) con-fi-dence

Identify the number of syllables in the following words:

Question 1.
Choose the tn-syllabic word.
(a) unleashing (b) futility (c) mushroom (d) battered
Answer:
(b) futility

Question 2.
The number of syllables in ‘ceaseless’ is
(a) di (b) tri (c) mono (d) tetra
Answer:
(a) di

Question 3.
The number of syllables in ‘sympathetic’ is
(a) tri (b) di (c) penta (d) tetra
Answer:
(d) tetra

Question 4.
The number of syllables in ‘wrong’ is
(a) poly (b) di (c) mono (d) tetra
Answer:
(c) mono

Question 5.
Choose the tetra-syllabic word.
(a) geographical (b) organisation (c) fantastic (d) comprehensive
Answer:
(a) geographical

Question 6.
The number of syllables in ‘participant’ is
(a) di (b) mono (c) tetra (d) penta
Answer:
(c) tetra

Question 7.
The number of syllables in ‘autobiography’ is
(a) poly (b) tri (c) penta (ð) tetra
Answer:
(a) poly

Question 8.
Identify the tetra-syllabic word.
(a) taxi (b) calcium (c) calculation (d) dynamic
Answer:
(c) calculation

Question 9.
The number of syllables in ‘experiment’ is
(a) mono (b) tri (c) penta (d) tetra
Answer:
(d) tetra

Question 10.
The number of syllables in ‘entourage’ is
(a) poly (b) di (c) tri (d) tetra
Answer:
(c) tri

Question 11.
The number of syllables in ‘protect’ is .
(a) di (b) poly (c) penta (d) tetra
Answer:
(a) di

Question 12.
Choose the poly-syllabic word.
(a) misappropriation (b) organization (c) fantastic (d) establishmentarianism
Answer:
(d) establishmentarianism

Question 13.
The number of syllables in ‘countrymen’ is
(a) mono (b) di (c) tri (d) tetra
Answer:
(c) tri

Question 14.
Choose the tetra-syllabic word
(a) permitted (b) comprehensive (c) appreciation (d) important
Answer:
(b) comprehensive

Question 15.
The number of syllables in ‘parchment’ is
(a) di (b) poly (c) penta (d) tetra
Answer:
(a) di

Question 16.
The number of syllables in ‘ultimately’ is
(a) di (b) penta (c) tetra (d) mono
Answer:
(c) tetra

Question 17.
Choose the trisyllabic word.
(a) advantage (b) comprehensive (c) appreciation (d) uncomfortable
Answer:
(a) advantage

Question 18.
The number of syllables in ‘legacy’ is
(a) di (b) tri (c) mono (d) tetra
Answer:
(b) tri

Question 19.
The number of syllables in ‘longevity is
(a) mono (b) tri (c) poly (d) tetra
Answer:
(d) tetra

Question 20.
Choose the pentasyllabic word.
(a) observer (b) facilitate (c) intelligent (d) simultaneous
Answer:
(d) simultaneous

Students can Download Chemistry Chapter 5 Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 5 Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Textual Evaluation Solved

I. Choose The Correct Answer:

Question 1.
For alkali metals, which one of the following trends are incorrect?
(a) Hydration energy : Li > Na > K > Rb
(b) Ionization energy : Li > Na > K > Rb
(c) Density : Li < Na < K < Rb
(d) Atomic size : Li < Na < K < Rb
Answer:
(c) Density : Li < Na < K < Rb
Potassium is lighter than sodium. The correct order of density is
Li < K< Na < Rb < Cs
0.54 < 0.86 < 0.97< 1.53< 1.90 (in g cm³).

Question 2.
Which of the following statements are incorrect?
(a) Li+ has minimum degree of hydration among alkali metal cations.
(b) The oxidation state of K in KO₂ is +1.
(c) Sodium is used to make Na/Pb alloy.
(d) MgSO₄ is readily soluble in water.
Answer:
(a) Li+ has minimum degree of hydration among alkali metal cations.
Li+ has maximum degree of hydration among alkali metal cations.
Li⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ > Rb⁺ > Cs⁺

Question 3.
Which of the following compounds will not evolve H₂ gas on reaction with alkali metals?
(a) ethanoic acid
(b) ethanol
(c) phenol
(d) none of these
Answer:
(d) none of these
Hint:
All these compounds reacts with alkali metals to evolve hydrogen gas.

Question 4.
Which of the following has the highest tendency to give the reaction Aqueous –

(a) Na
(b) Li
(c) Rb
(d) K
Answer:
(b) Li.
Hint:
Hydration energy of Li⁺ is more and hence Li⁺ is stabilized in aqueous medium.

Question 5.
Sodium is stored in ………..
(a) alcohol
(b) water
(c) kerosene
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) kerosene

Question 6.
RbO₂ is ………….
(a) superoxide and paramagnetic
(b) peroxide and diamagnetic
(c) superoxide and diamagnetic
(d) peroxide and paramagnetic
Answer:
(a) superoxide and paramagnetic
Hint:
RbO₂ is a super oxide which contains Rb⁺ and O_2- ions. O_2- contains one unpaired electron and hence it is paramagnetic.

Question 7.
Find the wrong statement …………
(a) sodium metal is used in organic qualitative analysis
(b) sodium carbonate is soluble in water and it is used in inorganic qualitative analysis
(c) potassium carbonate can be prepared by Solvay process
(d) potassium bicarbonate is acidic salt
Answer:
(c) Potassium carbonate can be prepared by Solvay process
Hint:
Potassium carbonate cannot be prepared by Solvay process. Potassium bicarbonate is fairly soluble in water and does not precipitate out.

Question 8.
Lithium shows diagonal relationship with
(a) sodium
(b) magnesium
(c) calcium
(d) aluminium
Answer:
(b) magnesium (diagram pending)

Question 9.
In case of alkali metal halides, the ionic character increases in the order
(a) MF < MCl < MBr < MI
(b) MI < MBr < MCl < MF
(c) MI < MBr < MF < MCl
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) MI < MBr < MCl < MF
Hint:
Ionic character (difference in electronegativity) MI < MBr < MCl < MF

Question 10.
In which process, fused sodium hydroxide is electrolysed for extraction of sodium?
(a) Castner’s process
(b) cyanide process
(c) Down process
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Castners process Castner’s process
NaOH ⇌ Na⁺ + OH^–
Cathode : Na⁺ + e^– → Na
Anode : 2OH^– → H₂O + 1/2 O₂ + 2e^–

Question 11.
The product obtained as a result of a reaction of nitrogen with CaC₂ is (NEET – Phase I)
(a) Ca(CN)₃
(b) CaN₂
(c) Ca(CN)₂
(d) Ca₃N₂
Answer:
(c) Ca(CN)₂
Hint:

Question 12.
Which of the following has highest hydration energy?
(a) MgCl₂
(b) CaCl₂
(c) BaCl₂
(d) SrCl₂
Answer:
(a) MgCl₂
Hint:
The order of hydration energy of alkaline earth metal is Be²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Sr²⁺ > Ba²⁺

Question 13.
Match the flame colours of the alkali and alkaline earth metal salts in the bunsen burner
(p) Sodium – (1) Brick red
(q) Calcium – (2) Yellow
(r) Barium – (3) Violet
(s) Strontium – (4) Apple green
(t) Cesium – (5) Crimson red
(u) Potassium –  (6) Blue
(a) p – 2, q – 1, r- 4, s – 5, t- 6, u – 3
(b) p – 1, q – 2, r – 4, s – 5, t – 6, u – 3
(c) p – 4, q – 1, r – 2, s – 3, t – 5, u – 6
(d) p – 6, q – 5, r – 4, s – 3, t – 1,u – 2
Answer:
(a) p – 2, q – 1, r – 4, s – 5, t – 6, u – 3
(p) sodium – yellow (2)
(p) calcium – brick red (1)
(r) barium – apple green (4)
(s) strontium – crimson red (5)
(t) cesium – blue (6)
(u) potassium – violet (3)

Question 14.
Assertion : Generally alkali and alkaline earth metals form superoxides Reason : There is a single bond between O and O in superoxides.
(a) both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
(b) both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
(c) assertion is true but reason is false
(d) both assertion and reason are false
Answer:
(d) both assertion and reason are false
Hint:
Among alkali and alkaline earth metals, K, Rb and Cs alone forms superoxides. Superoxide O_2- has 3 electron bond.

Question 15.
Assertion : BeSO₄ is soluble in water while BaSO₄ is not
Reason: Hydration energy decreases down the group from Be to Ba and lattice energy remains almost constant.
(a) both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
(b) both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
(c) assertion is true but reason is false
(d) both assertion and reason are false
Answer:
(a) both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Question 16.
Which is the correct sequence of solubility of carbonates of alkaline earth metals?
(a) BaCO₃ > SrCO₃ > CaCO₃ > MgCO₃
(b) MgCO₃ > CaCO₃ > SrCO₃ > BaCO₃
(c) CaCO₃ > BaCO₃ > SrCO₃ > MgCO₃
(d) BaCO₃ > CaCO₃ > SrCO₃> MgCO₃
Answer:
(b) MgCO₃ > CaCO₃ > SrCO₃ > BaCO₃
Hint:
Solubility of carbonates decreases down the group.

Question 17.
In context with beryllium, which one of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) It is rendered passive by nitric acid
(b) It forms Be₂C
(c) Its salts are rarely hydrolyzed
(d) Its hydride is electron deficient and polymeric
Answer:
(c) Its salts are rarely hydrolyzed
Hint:
Correct statement is beryllium salts are easily hydrolyzed

Question 18.
The suspension of slaked lime in water is known as (NEET Phase – II)
(a) lime water
(b) quick lime
(c) milk of lime
(d) aqueous solution of slaked lime
Answer:
(c) milk of lime
Hint:
Slaked lime Ca(OH)₂. The suspension is called milk of lime and the clear solution is called lime water

Question 19.
A colourless solid substance (A) on heating evolved CO₂ and also gave a white residue, soluble in water. Residue also gave CO₂ when treated with dilute HCl.
(a) Na₂CO₃
(b) NaHCO₃
(c) CaCO₃
(d) Ca(HCO₃)₂
Answer:
(b) NaHCO₃
Hint:

Question 20.
The compound (X) on heating gives a colourless gas and a residue that is dissolved in water to obtain (B). Excess of CO₂ is bubbled through aqueous solution of B, C is formed. Solid (C) on heating gives back X. (B) is ………..
(a) CaCO₃
(b) Ca(OH)₂
(c) Na₂CO₃
(d) NaHCO₃
Answer:
(b) Ca(OH)₂
Solution:

CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O

Question 21.
Which of the following statement is false ? (NEET – Phase -1)
(a) Ca²⁺ ions are not important in maintaining the regular beating of the heart
(b) Mg²⁺ ions are important in the green parts of the plants
(c) Mg²⁺ ions form a complex with ATP
(d) Ca²⁺ ions are important in blood clotting
Answer:
(a) Ca²⁺ ions are not important in maintaining the regular beating of the heart
Hint:
Ca²⁺ ion plays an important role in maintaining regular heart beat.

Question 22.
The name ‘Blue John’ is given to which of the following compounds?
(a) CaH₂
(b) CaF₂
(c) Ca₃(PO₄)₂
(d) CaO
Answer:
(b) CaF₂
Hint:
‘Blue john’ – CaF₂ (A variety of fluorite)

Question 23.
Formula of gypsum is ………….
(a) CaSO₄.2H₂O
(b) CaSO₄. ½2H₂O
(c) 3CaSO₄.H₂O
(d) 2CaSO₄.2H₂O
Answer:
(a) CaSO₄.2H₂O

Question 24.
When CaC₂ is heated in atmospheric nitrogen in an electric furnace the compound formed is
(a) Ca(CN)₂
(b) CaNCN
(c) CaC₂N₂
(d) CaNC₂
Answer:
(b) CaNCN
Solution:

Question 25.
Among the following the least thermally stable is
(a) K₂CO₃
(b) Na₂CO₃
(c) BaCO₃
(d) Li₂CO₃
Answer:
(d) Li₂CO₃
Hint:
Li₂CO₃ is the least stable.

II. Write a brief answer to the following questions.

Question 26.
Why sodium hydroxide is much more water-soluble than chloride?
Answer:

1. Sodium hydroxide is a stronger base whereas sodium chloride is a salt.
2. Sodium hydroxide dissolves freely in water with the evolution of much heat on account of intense hydration.
3. In other words, when the Na⁺ and OH^– ions break up, the OH^– ions are much smaller than Cl^– ions and are able to form a hydrogen bond with water.
4. Thus sodium hydroxide dissolves easily in water.

Question 27.
Explain what to meant by efflorescence?
Answer:

1. Efflorescence is the formation of powdery deposit on the surface of rock as a result of loss of moisture or water on exposure to air.
2. Efflorescence is the formation of whitish powdery deposit on the surface of rocks like gypsum in dry regions. It is formed as mineral-rich water, rises to the surface through capillary action and then evaporates.
3. Gypsum crystals are sometimes found to occur in the form that resembles the petals of flower. This happens mostly in arid areas or desert terrains, where there is rapid loss of water. This phenomenon is called as efflorescence.

Question 28.
Write the chemical equations for the reactions involved in Solvay process of preparation of sodium carbonate.
Answer:
Solvay process:
The Solvay process is represented by the below chemical equations:

Question 29.
An alkali metal (x) forms a hydrated sulphate, X₂SO₂. 10H₂O. Is the metal more likely to he sodium (or) potassium.
Answer:
Sodium: Because hydration is favoured by high charge density cations and of the two mono positive ions, sodium is smaller and will have higher charge density. Thus, Na₂SO₄.10H₂O is more readily formed.

Question 30.
Write balanced chemical equation for each of the following chemical reactions.
(i) Lithium metal with nitrogen gas
(ii) Heating solid sodium bicarbonate
(iii) Rubidium with oxygen gas
(iv) Solid potassium hydroxide with CO₂
(v) Heating calcium carbonate
(vi) Heating calcium with oxygen
Answer:

Question 31.
Discuss briefly the similarities between beryllium and aluminium.
Answer:

1. Beryllium chloride forms a dimeric structure like aluminium chloride with chloride bridges. Beryllium chloride also forms a polymeric chain structure in addition to the dimer. Both are soluble in organic solvents and are strong Lewis acids.
2. Beryllium hydroxide dissolves in excess of alkali and gives beryllate ion and [Be(OH)₄]^2- and hydrogen as aluminium hydroxide which gives aluminate ion, [Al(OH)₄]^2-.
3.  Beryllium and aluminium ions have a strong tendency to form complexes, BeF₄^2-, AlF₆^3-.
4. Both beryllium and aluminium hydroxides are amphoteric in nature.
5. Carbides of beryllium (Be₂C) like aluminium carbide (Al₄C₃) give methane on hydrolysis.
6. Both beryllium and aluminium are rendered passive by nitric acid.

Question 32.
Give the systematic names for the following:

1. milk of magnesia
2. lye
3. lime
4. caustic potash
5. washing soda
6. soda ash and
7. trona.

Answer:

1. Milk of magnesia – Mg(OH)₂ – Magnesium hydroxide
2. Lye – NaOH – Sodium hydroxide
3. Lime – Ca(OH)₂ Calcium hydroxide
4. Caustic potash – KOH – Potassium hydroxide
5. Washing soda – Na₂CO₃. 10H₂O – Sodium carbonate decahydrate
6. Soda ash – Na₂CO₃ – Sodium carbonate (anhydrous)
7. Trona – NaCO₃.NaHCO₃.2H₂O – Sodium sesqui carbonate

Question 33.
Substantiate Lithium fluoride has the lowest solubility among group one metal fluorides.
Answer:
Lithium fluoride has the lowest solubility among alkali metal fluoride due to its small size of Li⁺ and F^– ions, lattice enthalpy is much higher than that of hydration enthalpy.

Question 34.
Mention the uses of Plaster of Paris.
Answer:

• The largest use of Plaster of Paris is in the building industry as well as plasters.
• It is used for immobilizing the affected part of organ, where there is a bone fracture or sprain.
• It is also employed in dentistry, in ornamental work and for making casts of statues and busts.

Question 35.
Beryllium halides are covalent whereas magnesium halides are ionic why?
Answer:
Halogens are non-metals and beryllium is also non-metal. Since non-metals always form covalent bonds with each other due to almost similar ionization potential and electronegativity. And Beryllium is smaller in size and has high polarizing power therefore, beryllium halides are covalent.

Magnesium is a metal and metals mostly form ionic bonds with non-metals due to vast differences in their ionization potential and electronegativity, therefore magnesium halides are always ionic.

Question 36.
Alkaline earth metal (A), belongs to 3^rd period reacts with oxygen and nitrogen to form compound (B) and (C) respectively. It undergo metal displacement reaction with AgNO₃ solution to form compound (D).
Answer:

1. An alkaline earth (A) metal belongs to third period is magnesium (Mg).
2. Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide (MgO) (B).
   
3. Magnesium reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride Mg₃N₂ (C).
   
4. Magnesium undergoes metal displacement reaction with AgNO₃ solution to form magnesium nitrate Mg(NO₃)₃ (D).
   
   

Question 37.
Write balanced chemical equation for the following processes:
(a) heating calcium in oxygen
(b) heating calcium carbonate
(c) evaporating a solution of calcium hydrogen carbonate
(d) heating calcium oxide with carbon
Answer:

Question 38.
Explain the important common features of group 2 elements. Important common features of group 2 elements.
Answer:

1. Group 2 is known as alkaline earth metals. It contains soft, silver metals that are less metallic in character than the Group 1 elements. Although many characteristics are common throughout the group, the heavier metals such as Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra are almost as reactive as the Group 1 Alkali Metals.
2. General electronic configuration can be represented as [Noble gas] ns² where ‘n’ represents the valence shell.
3. All the elements in Group 2 have two electrons in their valence shells, giving them an oxidation state of +2. This enables the metals to easily lose electrons, which increases their stability and allows them to form compounds via ionic bonds.
4. The atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals are smaller than the corresponding members of the alkali metals.
5. On moving down the group, the radii increases due to gradual increase in the number of the shells and the screening effect.
6. Down the group the ionisation enthalpy decreases as atomic size increases. They are less electropositive than alkali metals.
7. Compounds of alkaline earth metals are more extensively hydrated than those of alkali metals because the hydration enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions are larger than those of alkali metal ions.

Question 39.
Discuss the similarities between beryllium and aluminium.
Answer:
Similarities between Beryllium and Aluminium:

1. Beryllium chloride forms a dimeric structure like aluminium chloride with chloride bridges. Beryllium chloride also forms a polymeric chain structure in addition to the dimer. Both are soluble in organic solvents and are strong Lewis acids.
2. Beryllium hydroxide dissolves in excess of alkali and gives beryllate ion and [Be(OH)₄]^2-and hydrogen as aluminium hydroxide which gives aluminate ion, [Al(OH)₄]^–.
3. Beryllium and aluminium ions have a strong tendency to form complexes, BeF₄^2-, AlF₆^3-.
4. Both beryllium and aluminium hydroxides are amphoteric in nature.
5. Carbides of beryllium (Be₂C) like aluminium carbide (Al₄C₃) give methane on hydrolysis.
6. Both beryllium and aluminum are rendered passive by nitric acid.

Question 40.
Why alkaline earth metals are harder than alkali metals?
Answer:
1. The strength of metallic bond in alkaline earth metals is higher than alkali metals due to the presence of 2 electrons in its outermost shell as compared to alkali metals, which have only 1 electron in valence shell. Therefore, alkaline earth metals are harder than alkali metals.

2. The alkaline earth metals have greater nuclear charge and more valence electrons, thus metallic bonding is more effective. Due to this they are harder than alkali metals.

Question 41.
How is plaster of paris prepared?
Answer:
Plaster of paris is a hemihydrate of calcium sulphate CaSO₄. H₂O. It is obtained by heating gypsum at 393 K.

Question 42.
Give the uses of gypsum.
Answer:

1. Gypsum is used in making drywalls or plasterboards. Plasterboards are used as the finish for walls and ceilings, and for partitions.
2. Another important use of gypsum in the production of plaster of Paris. Gypsum is heated to about 300 degrees Fahrenheit to produce plaster of Paris, which is also known as gypsum plaster. It is mainly used as a sculpting material.
3. Gypsum is used in making surgical and orthopedic casts, such as surgical splints and casting moulds.
4. Gypsum plays an important role in agriculture as a soil additive, conditioner, and fertilizer. It helps loosen up compact or clay soil and provides calcium and sulphur, which are essential for the healthy growth of a plant. It can also be used for removing sodium from soils having excess salinity.
5. Gypsum is used in toothpaste, shampoos, and hair products, mainly due to its binding and thickening properties.
6. Gypsum is a component of Portland cement, where it acts as a hardening retarder to control the speed at which concrete sets.

Question 43.
Describe briefly the biological importance of calcium and magnesium.
Answer:

1. An adult body contains about 25 g of Mg and 1200 g of Ca. The daily requirement in the human body has been estimated to be 200-300 mg.
2. Magnesium is the co-factor of all enzymes that utilize ATP in phosphate transfer and energy release.
3. The main pigment for the absorption of light in plants is chlorophyll which contains magnesium.
4. About 99% of body calcium is present in bones and teeth.
5. Calcium plays important roles in neuromuscular function, interneuronal transmission, cell membrane integrity and blood coagulation.
6. The calcium concentration in plasma is regulated at about 100 mgL^-1. It is maintained by two hormones: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.
7. Deficiency of magnesium results into convulsion and neuromuscular irritation.
8. 2% of adult weight is made up of calcium. Calcium phosphate is present in teeth and Calcium carbonate is present in bones. They make the teeth and bone hard.
9. Water in the human body such as inside the cell and in the blood contain dissolved calcium ions. These ions are involved in making muscles move and in sending electricity around the brain and along the nerves.
10. Magnesium is an essential element in both plant and animal life.

Question 44.
Which would you expect to have a higher melting point, magnesium oxide or magnesium fluoride? Explain your reasoning.
Answer:

• Magnesium fluoride – 1263°C
• Magnesium oxide – 2852°C
• The strength of ionic bonds usually depends on two factors – ionic radius and charge. Mg²⁺ and O^2- have charges of +2 and -2 respectively. This is larger than the charge of other ions.
• Magnesium ions and oxygen ions also have a small ionic radius.
• Oxygen ion is smaller than fluoride
• The smaller the ionic radii, the smaller the bond length and the stronger the bond. Therefore the ionic bond between magnesium and oxygen is very strong.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Additional Questions Solved

I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
The reducing property of alkali metals follows the order
(a) Na < K < Rb < Cs < Li
(b) K < Na < Rb < Cs < Li
(c) Li < Cs < Rb < K < Na
(d) Rb < Cs < K < Na < Li
Answer:
(a) Na < K < Rb < Cs < Li

Question 2.
The general electronic configuration of alkali metals is ………….
(a) [noble gas] ns²
(b) [noble gas] ns¹
(c) ns² np⁶
(d) ns²(n-1)d^1-10
Answer:
(b) [noble gas] ns¹

Question 3.
Li does not resemble other alkali metals in which of the following property?
(a) Li₂CO₃ decomposes into oxides while other alkali carbonates re thermally stable
(b) LiCl is predominantly covalent
(c) Li₃N stable
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 4.
The half-life period of francium is ………….
(a) 21 days
(b) 21 years
(c) 2.1 minutes
(d) 21 minutes
Answer:
(d) 21 minutes

Question 5.
The alkali metal used in photoelectric cells is
(a) Na
(b) Cs
(c) Rb
(d) Fr
Answer:
(b) Cs

Question 6.
The metal present in deposits of nitre is ……………
(a) lithium
(b) potassium
(c) rubidium
(d) francium
Answer:
(b) potassium

Question 7.
Be₂C + 4H₂O → 2X + CH₄
X + 2HCl + 2H₂O → Y
X and Y formed in the above two reactions is
(a) BeCO₃ and Be(OH)₂ respectively
(b) Be(OH)₂ and BeCl₂ respectively
(c) Be(OH)₂ and [Be(OH)₄]Cl₂ respectively
(d) [Be(OH)₄]^2- and BeCl₂ respectively
Answer:
(c) BQ(OH)₂ and [Be(OH)₄]Cl₂ respectively

Question 8.
Which of the following are stored under oil?
(a) Alkali metals
(b) Coinage metals
(c) Noble metals
(d) Phosphorous
Answer:
(a) Alkali metals

Question 9.
Magnesium burns in the air to give
(a) MgO
(b) MgCO₃
(c) MgCO₃
(d) MgO and Mg₃N₂
Answer:
(d) MgO and Mg₃N₂

Question 10.
The most common oxidation state of alkali metals is ………….
(a) +1
(b) +2
(c) +3
(d) +5
Answer:
(a) +1

Question 11.
The word ‘alkali’ used for alkali metals indicates
(a) ashes of plants
(b) metallic luster
(c) soft metals
(d) reactive metals
Answer:
(a) ashes of plants

Question 12.
Which of the following salt is more soluble?
(a) NaClO₄
(b) LiClO₄
(c) CsBr
(d) KI
Answer:
(b) LiClO₄

Question 13.
Select the correct statement?
LiOH > NaOH > KOH > RbOH
Li₂CO₃ > Na₂CO₃ > K₂CO₃ > Rb₂CO₃
(a) Solubility of alkali hydroxides is in order
(b) Solubility of alkali carbonates is in order
(c) both are correct
(d) None is correct
Answer:
(b) Solubility of alkali carbonates is in order

Question 14.
Which one of the following is less soluble in water?
(a) LiC
(b) NaCl
(c) KCl
(d) CsI
Answer:
(a) LlCl

Question 15.
Which of the following ions form a hydroxide highly soluble in water?
(a) Ni²⁺
(b) K²⁺
(c) Zn²⁺
(d) Al³⁺
Answer:
(b) K²⁺

Question 16.
Consider the following statements.
(1) Lithium does not have d-orbitais.
(ii) Lithium carbonate is more soluble than sodium carbonate in water.
(iii),The second ionization enthalpy of alkali metals are zero.
Which of the above statements is/are not correct?
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Answer:
(c) (ii) and (iii)

Question 17.
The carbide of which of the following metals on hydrolysis gives allylene or propyne?
(a) Be
(b) Ca
(c) Al
(d) Mg
Answer:
(d) Mg

Question 18.
Which colour is produced when alkali metals dissolved in liquid ammonia?
(a) Red
(b) Green
(c) Blue
(d) Violet
Answer:
(c) Blue

Question 19.
Consider the following statements.
(i) Superoxides of alkali metals are diamagnetic.
(ii) Superoxides of alkali metals are blue in colour.
(iii) Superoxides of alkali metals are paramagnetic.
Which of the above statements is/are not correct?
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) (iii) only
(d) (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(d) (i) and (ii)

Question 20.
Which of the following is known as a variety of gypsum?
(a) CaCO₃
(b) CaSO₄
(c) plaster of paris
(d) gypsum
Answer:
(d) gypsum

Question 21.
The colour produced by potassium when burnt in Bunsen flame is …………
(a) red
(b) blue
(c) green
(d) lilac
Answer:
(d) lilac

Question 22.
Which one of the following is a radioactive element of alkali metal?
(a) Cesium
(b) Francium
(c) Potassium
(d) Sodium
Answer:
(b) Francium

Question 23.
Which of the following ions perform important biological functions in maintenance of the ion balance and nerve impulse conduction?
(a) Li⁺, Rb⁺
(b) Na⁺, K⁺
(c) Cs⁺,Fr⁺
(d) Rb⁺, Cs⁺
Answer:
(b) Na⁺, K⁺

Question 24.
The colour of potassium salt in flame is
(a) Crimson red
(b) Lilac
(c) Blue
(d) Yellow
Answer:
(b) Lilac

Question 25.
Which of the following ions arc more responsible for transmission of nerve signal?
(a) Li⁺
(b) Rb⁺
(c) Cs⁺
(d) K⁺
Answer:
(d) K⁺

Question 26.
Which of the following fruits contain maximum of potassium?
(a) Grapes
(b) Potatoes
(c) Bananas
(d) Mangoes
Answer:
(c) Bananas

Question 27.
Which of the following element forms monoxide and peroxide?
(a) Lithium
(b) Potassium
(c) Rubedium
(d) Sodium
Answer:
(d) Sodium

Question 28.
Among the following, which is the fifth most abundant element?
(a) Beryllium
(b) Barium
(c) Radium
(d) Calcium
Answer:
(d) Calcium

Question 29.
Celestite and strontianite are the ores of ………..
(a) cesium
(b) strontium
(c) magnesium
(d) barium
Answer:
(b) strontium

Question 30.
The products obtained on the reaction of Na₂O₂ with water are
(a) NaOH and H₂O
(b) NaOH and H₂O₂
(c) Na₂O and H₂O₂
(d) NaOH, Na₂O
Answer:
(c) Na₂O and H₂O₂

Question 31.
Which one of the following gives green spark in fire works?
(a) Magnesium chloride
(b) Sodium chloride
(c) Barium bromide
(d) Potassium iodide
Answer:
(a) Magnesium chloride

Question 32.
Statement – 1:
LiF has low solubility in water.
Statement – 2:
LiF has low lattice enthalpy.
In the above statements
(a) 1 alone is correct.
(b) Both 1 and 2 are correct
(c) 2 alone is correct
(d) Both 1 and 2 are incorrect
Answer:
(b) Both 1 and 2 are correct

Question 33.
Copper chloride produces colour in fire works.
(a) red
(b) green
(c) blue
(d) yellow
Answer:
(c) blue

Question 34.
The ammonia used in the Solvay proves- recovered by using
(a) calcium chloride
(b) Calcium hydroxide
(c) calcium carbonate
(d) calcium oxide
Answer:
(b) Calcium hydroxide

Question 35.
The most common oxidation state of alkaline earth metals is ……………
(a) +4
(b) +2
(c) + 1
(d) +3
Answer:
(b) +2

Question 36.
Sodium carbonate decahydrate on heating ab 373K gives
(a) Na₂CO₃ .3H₂O
(b) N₂CO₃ .5H₂O
(c) Na₂CO₃
(d) Na₂CO₃ .H₂O
Answer:
(c) Na₂CO₃

Question 37.
Hydroxides of beryllium are in nature.
(a) neutral
(b) basic
(c) acidic
(d) amphoteric
Answer:
(d) amphoteric

Question 38.
The product obtained on saturating a solution o sodium carbonate with carbon dioxide i,-.
(a) sodium bicarbonate
(b) sodium hydroxide
(c) sodium chloride
(d) sodium peroxide.
Answer:
(a) sodium bicarbonate

Question 39.
Which one of the following alkaline earth metal is not readily attacked by acids?
(a) Magnesium
(b) Calcium
(c) Beryllium
(d) Strontium
Answer:
(c) Beryllium

Question 40.
The used in baking cakes, pastries, etc., is
(a) sodium chloride
(b) sodium carbonate
(c) sodium bicarbonate
(d) sodium hydroxide
Answer:
(c) sodium bicarbonate

Question 41.
Which one of the following is used to build the beam pipe in accelerators?
(a) Be
(b) Ca
(c) Mg
(d) Sr
Answer:
(a) Be

Question 42.
Fluorapatite is the ore of
(a) magnesium
(b) beryllium
(c) potassium
(d) calcium
Answer:
(d) calcium

Question 43.
Which metal is used in photoengrave plates in printing industry?
(a) Co
(b) Pt
(c) Zn
(d) Mg
Answer:
(d) Mg

Question 44.
Strontium nitrate give _______ colour in fire works.
(a) violet
(b) bright red
(c) green
(d) orange
Answer:
(b) bright red

Question 45.
Which is used in dehydrating oils?
(a) Calcium
(b) Magnesium
(c) Beryllium
(d) Radium
Answer:
(a) Calcium

Question 46.
Correctly match List-I and List-II using the code given below the list.
List-I
A. Beryllium
B. Calcium
C. Magnesium
D. Barium

List-II
1. Sacrificial anode
2. X-ray tube radiation window
3. Scavenger to remove oxygen in TV
4. Getter in vacuum tubes

Answer:

Question 47.
Correctly match List-I and List-II using the code given below the list.
List-I
A. Beryllium
B. Magnesium
C. Calcium
D. Strontium

List-II
1. Cement
2. Dating of rocks
3. X-ray detector
4. Missile construction

Answer:

Question 48.
Correctly match the list-I and List-II using the code given below the list.
List-I
A. Radium
B. Barium
C. Strontium
D. Calcium

List-II
1. Dehydration of oils
2. Aircraft and watches
3. Deoxidiser in copper refining
4. Radioactive tracer

Answer:

Question 49.
Consider the following statements.
(i) BeO is basic.
(ii) MgO is weakly basic.
(iii) BaO is strongly acidic.
Which of the above statements is/are not correct?
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i) and (iii)
Answer:
(d) (i) and (iii)

Question 50.
______ is a major component of bones and teeth.
(a) Na
(b) Be
(c) Ca
(d) Mg
Answer:
(c) Ca

Question 51.
Correctly match the list-I and List-II using the code given below the list.
List-I
A. Quick lime
B. Calcium hydroxide
C. Gypsum
D. Plaster of Paris

List-II
1. Casts of statues
2. Drying agent
3. White washing
4. Tooth paste

Answer:

Question 52.
Correctly match the list-I and List-II using the code given below the list.
List-I
A. CaO
B. Ca(OH)₂
C. CaSO₄ .2H₂O
D. CaSO₄ .½2H₂O
List-II
1. Plaster of Paris
2. Quick lime
3. Slaked lime
4. Gypsum

Answer:

Question 53.
Which one of the following is the formula of limestone?
(a) CaO
(b) Ca(OH)₂
(c) CaCO₃
(d) CaCO₃.MgCO₃
Answer:
(c) CaCO₃

Question 54.
Which one of the following is used in purification of sugar and as drying agent?
(a) Ca(OH)₂
(b) MgSO₄.7H₂O
(c) CaSO₄.2H₂O
(d) CaO
Answer:
(d) CaO

Question 55.
Which one of the following is named as bleaching powder?
(a) CaCl₂
(b) CaOCl
(c) Ca(OCl)₂
(d) Ca(HCO₃)₂
Answer:
(c) Ca(OCl)₂

Question 56.
Which one of the following is known as natural insulator?
(a) FeSO₄.7H₂O
(b) NaCO₄.10H₂O
(c) CaSO₄.2H₂O
(d) CaSO₄.’/2H₂O
Answer:
(c) CaSO₄.2H₂O

Question 57.
Which one of the following is called ornamental stone?
(a) Alabaster
(b) Plaster of Paris
(c) Limestone
(d) Gypsum plaster
Answer:
(a) Alabaster

Question 58.
Which one of the following is used in toothpaste, shampoo and hair products?
(a) Plaster of Paris
(b) Limestone
(c) Quick lime
(d) Gypsum
Answer:
(d) Gypsum

Question 59.
Which one of the following plays an important role in agriculture as a soil additive, conditioner and fertilizer?
(a) Epsurn
(b) Gypsum
(c) Quick lime
(d) Salt petre
Answer:
(b) Gypsum

Question 60.
Which is used to treat upset stomach and eczema?
(a) MgSO₄.7H₂O
(b) FeSO₄.7H₂O
(c) CaSO₄.2H₂O
(d) 2CaSO₄H₂O
Answer:
(c) CaSO₄.2H₂O

Question 61.
Consider the following statements.
(i) Gypsum is used in making surgical and orthopedic casts.
(ii) Calcium nitrate acts a coagulator in making tofu.
(iii) Gypsum plays an important role in soap making.
Which of the above statements is/are not correct.
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (ii) only
Answer:
(b) (ii) and (iii)

Question 62.
About 393K, when Plaster of Paris is heated, it forms
(a) burnt alum
(b) dead burnt plast
(c) gypsum plaster
(d) alabaster
Answer:
(b) dead burnt plast

Question 63.
Which of the following is used in dentistry, ornamental works and making casts of statues?
(a) CaSO₄.2H₂O
(b) CaSO₄.½H₂O
(c) CaO
(d) Ca(OH)₂
Answer:
(b) CaSO₄.½H₂O

Question 64.
Which one of the following metal act as co-factor in phosphate transfer of ATP by enzymes?
(a) Calcium
(b) Beryllium
(c) Magnesium
(d) Sodium
Answer:
(c) Magnesium

Question 65.
The main pigment in plants is chlorophyll which contains ……………
(a) iron
(b) calcium
(c) barium
(d) magnesium
Answer:
(d) magnesium

Question 66.
Consider the following statements.
(i) 99% of body calcium is present in bones and teeth.
(ii) The calcium concentration in plasma is regulated at 10 mg L^-1.
(iii) Calcium plays an important role in neuromuscular function, interneuronal transmission and in blood coagulation.
Which of the above statements is/are not correct?
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) (iii) only
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Answer:
(b) (ii) only

Question 67.
Correctly match the list-I and list-Il using the code given below the list,
List-I
A. Chlorophyll
B. Bones
C. Dentistry
D. Cement
List-II
1. Plaster of paris
2. Gypsum
3. Magnesium
4. Calcium.

Answer:

Question 68.
Which one of the following is the most common alkaline earth metal found in the human body?
(a) Beryllium
(b) Magnesium
(c) Barium
(d) Calcium
Answer:
(d) Calcium

Question 69.
which alkaline earth metal do not import colour to a non-luminous flame?
(a) Beryllium
(b) Calcium
(c) Magnesium
(d) Barium
Answer:
(a) Beryllium

Question 70.
Statement-I: Alkali metals arc very soft metals.
Statement-II: Since the atoms of alkali metals have bigger kernels and smaller number ot valence electrons, the metallic bonds in them are very weak and hence they arc soft.
(a) Statements-I and II arc correct but statement-II is not the correct explanation of statement-I.
(b) Statements-I and II are correct and statement-II is the correct explanation of statement-I.
(c) Statement-I is correct but statement-lI is wrong.
(d) Statement-I is wrong but statement-II is correct.
Answer:
(b) Statements-I and II are correct and statement-II is the correct explanation of statement-I.

Question 71.
Statement-I: BeCl₂ is soluble in organic solvent.
Statement-II: Since BeCl₂ is a covalent compound, it is soluble in organic solvent.
(a) Statements-I and II arc correct and statement-II is the correct explanation of statement-I.
(b) Statements-I and II are correct but statement-II is not the correct explanation of statement-I.
(c) Statement-I is wrong but statement II is correct.
(d) Statement-I is correct but statement-II is wrong.
Answer:
(a) Statements-I and II are correct and statement-II is the correct explanation of statement-I.

Question 72.
Which one of the following is more basic?
(a) Ca(OH)₂
(b) Mg(OH)₂
(c) NaOH
(d) Al(OH)₃
Answer:
(c) NaOH

Question 73.
Statement-I: Cesium is considered as the most electropositive element.
Statement-II: Due to its lowest ionization energy, cesium is considered as the most electropositive element.
(a) Statements-I and II are correct and statement-II is the correct explanation of statemcnt-I.
(b) Statements-I and II are correct but statement-II is not the correct explanation of statement-I.
(c) Statement-I is correct but statement-II is wrong.
(d) Statement-I is wrong but statement-II is correct.
Answer:
(a) Statements-I and II are correct and statement-II is the correct explanation of statement-I.

Question 74.
The reducing property of alkali metals follows the order
(a) Na<K<Rb<Cs<Li
(b) K<Na<Rb<Cs<Li
(c) Li<Cs<Rb<K<Na
(a) Rb<Cs<K<Na<Li
Answer:
(a) Na<K<Rb<Cs<Li

Question 75.
Which of the following is the least thermally stable?
(a) MgCO₃
(b) CaCO₃
(c) SrCO₃
(d) BeCO₃
Answer:
(d) BeCO₃

Question 76.
Which of the following is not a peroxide?
(a) KO₂
(b) CrO₅
(c) Na₂O₂
(d) BaO₂
Answer:
(a) KO₂

Question 77.
Which of the following is used in photoelectric cells?
(a)Na
(b) K
(e) Li
(d) Cs
Answer:
(d) Cs

Question 78.
When caesìum salt is subjected to flame test, the colour produced is
(a) lilac
(b) yellow
(c) blue
(d) crimson red
Answer:
(c) blue

Question 79.
Match the list-I and List-II using the correct code given below the list.
List-I
A. Lithium
B. Sodium
C. Potassium
D. Rubidium
List-II
1. Lilac
2. Reddish yiolet
3. Crimson red
4. Yellow

Answer:

Question 80.
Which of the following alloy is used in making white metal bearings for motor engines?
(a) Lithium + magnesium
(b) Lithium + lead
(c) Lithium + aluminium
(d) Lithium + copper
Answer:
(b) Lithium + lead

Question 81.
Lithium aluminium alloy is used in making
(a) armour plates
(b) white metal bearings
(c) electrochemical cell
(d) aircraft parts
Answer:
(d) aircraft parts

Question 82.
Which of the following is used in making armour plates?
(a) Lithium + magnesium
(b) Lithium + aluminium
(c) Lithium + lead
(d) Sodium + lithium
Answer:
(a) Lithium + magnesium

Question 83.
Which metal is used in making electrochemical cells?
(a) Caesium
(b) Lithium
(c) Calcium
(d) Barium
Answer:
(b) Lithium

Question 84.
Which of the following is used as a coolant in fast breeder nuclear reactor?
(a) Liquid ammonia
(b) Liquid helium
(c) Liquid Na metal
(d) Solid CO₂
Answer:
(c) Liquid Na metal

Question 85.
Which of the following is an excellent absorbent of carbon dioxide?
(a) K₂ CO₃
(b) CaCO₃
(c) NaOH
(d) KOH
Answer:
(d) KOH

Question 86.
Which of the following is used in devising photoelectric cells?
(a) Li
(b) Cs
(c) Na
(d) K
Answer:
(b) Cs

Question 87.
The formula of washing soda is ……………..
(a) Na₂ CO₃
(b) NaHCO₃
(c) Na,CO₃ .10H₂ O
(d) Ca(HCO₃)₂
Answer:
(c) Na2CO₃ .10H₂O

Question 88.
Match the list-I and List-II using the correct code given below the list.
List-I
A. Na2CO₃
B. Na2CO₃ .10H₂O
C. NaHCO₃
D. NaOH
List-II
1. Caustic soda
2. Baking soda
3. Soda ash
4. Washing soda

Answer:

Question 89.
Which one of the following is used for mercerising cotton fabrics?
(a) KOH
(b) NaOH
(c) Na₂CO₃
(d) NaHCO₃
Answer:
(b) NaOH

Question 90.
Which one of the following is used in fire extinguishers?
(a) Washing soda
(b) Soda ash
(c) Baking soda
(d) Caustic soda
Answer:
(c) Baking soda

Question 91.
Assertion (A): Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used in baking cakes and pastries.
Reason (R): On heating sodium hydrogen carbonate, liberates bubbles of CO₂  leaving holes in cakes and making them light and fluffy.
(a) both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(b) both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of(A)
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct
Answer:
(a) both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 92.
Match the List-I and List-II using the correct code given below the list.
List-I
A. Manufacture of soap
B. Mild antiseptic
C. Softening of hard water
D. Coolant in nuclear reactor
List-II
1. Na₂ CO₃ . 10H₂ O
2. Liquid Na metallic
3. NaOH
4. NaHCO₃

Answer:

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal 2-Mark Questions

Question 1.
What are s-block elements?
Answer:
The elements belonging to the group 1 and 2 in the modem periodic table are called s-block elements. The elements belonging to these two groups are commonly known as alkali and alkaline earth metals respectively.

Question 2.
Why group 1 elements are called alkali metals?
Answer:
Group I elements form strong hydroxides on reaction with water which are strong alkaline in nature. So, group 1 elements are called alkali metals.

Question 3.
Why does the ionization enthalpy of alkali metals decreases in a group?
Answer:
Alkali metals have the lowest ionisation enthalpy compared to other elements present in the respective period. As we go down the group, the ionisation enthalpy decreases due to the increase in atomic size. In addition, the number of inner shells also increases, which in turn increases the magnitude of screening effect and consequently, the ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group.

Question 4.
Alkali metals are stored under oil. Give reason.
Answer:
Alkali metals are so reactive and they have to be stored under oil. Because when they are kept in air, they will bum immediately.

Question 5.
Name the list of elements present in alkali metal group. What is the general electronic configuration of them?
Answer:
Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium are the elements present in alkali metal group. Their general electronic configuration is [noble gas] ns¹ .

Question 6.
Why is lithium salts are more soluble than the salts of other metals of group-1?
Answer:
Lithium salts are more soluble than the salts of other metals of group 1. eg., LiClO₄ is up to 12 times more soluble than NaClO₄. KClO₄, RbClO₄, and CsClO₄ have solubilities only 10-3 times that of LiClO₄. The high solubility of Li salts is due to strong solvation of small size of Li⁺ ion.

Question 7.
The second ionization enthalpy of alkali metals are very high. Give reason.
Answer:
The removal of one electron from the alkali metals causes the formation of monovalent cations having very stable electronic configuration. Therefore it becomes very difficult to remove the second electron from the stable noble gas configuration, giving rise to very high second ionization energy values.

Question 8.
Why does the solubility of carbonates and bicarbonates decrease in a group?
Answer:
All the carbonates and bicarbonates are soluble in water and their solubilities increase rapidly on descending the group. This is due to the reason that lattice energies decrease more rapidly than their hydration energies on moving down the group.

Question 9.
Why lithium has anomalous behaviour than other elements ¡n the same group?
Answer:
The anomalous behaviour of lithium is due to the exceptionally small size of the atom and high polarizing power, which is a ratio of charge to radius and hydration energy.

Question 10.
What is washing soda?
Answer:
Sodium carbonate, commonly known as washing soda, crystallizes as decahydrate which is white in colour.

Question 11.
Lithium forms monoxide with oxygen whereas sodium forms peroxide with oxygen. Why?
Answer:

• The fact that a small cation can stabilize a small anion and a large cation can stabilize a large anion explains the formation and stability of the oxides.
• The size of Li⁺  ion is very small and it has a strong positive field around it. It can combine with only small anion, O^2- ion, resulting in the formation of monoxide Li₂O.
• The Na ion is a larger cation and has a weak positive field around it and can stabilize a bigger peroxide ion, O₂^2- or [-O-O-]^2- resulting in the formation of peroxide Na₂O₂.

Question 12.
How does Lithium show similar properties with magnesium in its chemical behavior?
Answer:

1. Both react with nitrogen to form nitrides.
2. Both react with oxygen to give monoxides.
3. Both the element have a tendency to form covalent compounds.
4. Both can form complex compounds.

Question 13.
Alkali metal hydrides are strong reducing agents. Prove this statement.
Answer:
The decrease in ionization enthalpy down the group permits easy availability of electrons to forms H ions. So, the hydrides behave as reducing agent. Their reducing nature increases down the group.

Question 14.
Write the chemical formula of the following compounds.
(a) Chile saltpeter
(b) marble
(c) Brine
Answer:
(a) Chile salt petre – NaNO₃
(b) marble – CaCO₃
(c) Brine – NaCl

Question 15.
Explain the action of sodium with water.
Answer:
Sodium reacts so rapidly with water with the evolution of heat. The metal whizzes around the surface of water. The hydrogen gas liberated may catch fire giving yellow coloured flame
because of sodium.
2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂↑ + heat

Question 16.
(a) Lithium Iodide is more covalent than Lithium fluoride
(b) Lattice enthalpy of LiF is maximum among all the alkali metals halides. Explain.
Answer:
(a) According to Fagan’s rule, Li⁺ ion can polarise I^– ion more than the F^– ion due to the bigger size of the anion. Thus, LiI has a more covalent character than LiF.

(b) Smaller the size (internuclear distance), more is the value of Lattice enthalpy since the internuclear distance is expected to be least in the LiF.

Question 17.
LiCl is soluble in water whereas LiBr and LiI are soluble In organic solvent. Give reason.
Answer:
Lithium chloride (LiCl) is ionic in nature and it is soluble in polar solvent water, whereas lithium bromide and lithium iodide are covalent and are soluble in non-polar organic solvents.

Question 18.
Give two uses of alkali metals.
Answer:

• Lithium metal is used to make useful alloys. For example, lead is used to make ‘white metal’ bearings for motor engines, with aluminium to make aircraft parts, and with magnesium to make armour plates. It is used in thermonuclear reactions.
• Lithium is also used to make electrochemical cells.

Question 19.
What are the elements present in group 2? Give their general electronic configuration.
Answer:
Group 2 contains beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium. They’re general electronic configuration is [noble gas] ns².

Question 20.
What are alkaline earth metals?
Answer:
Group 2 in the modem periodic table contains the elements beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium are called alkaline earth metals.

Question 21.
Atomic radii of alkaline earth metals are smaller than the corresponding members of alkali metals. Why?
Answer:
The atomic radii of alkaline earth metals are smaller than alkali metals. This is due to the fact that group 2 elements have a higher nuclear charge, allowing the electrons to move towards the nucleus. This reduces the size of atomic and ionic radii.

Question 22.
Write the uses of Beryllium.
Answer:

1. Because of its low atomic number and very low absorption for X-rays, it is used as radiation windows for X-ray tubes and X-ray detectors.
2. The sample holder in X-ray emission studies usually made of beryllium
3. Since beryllium is transparent to energetic particles it is used to build the ‘beam pipe’ in accelerators.
4. Because of its low density and diamagnetic nature, it is used in various detectors.

Question 23.
Explain the action of halogen with alkaline earth metals.
Answer:
All the alkaline earth metals combine with halogen at elevated temperature to form their halides.
M + X₂ → MX₂, Where M = Be, Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba and Ra. X= F,Cl,Br and I.
For e.g., Be + Cl₂ → BeCl_2.

Question 24.
How beryllium chloride is prepared from beryllium oxide?
Answer:

Beryllium oxide is heated with carbon and chloride to get BeCl_2.

Question 25.
How does beryllium hydride can be prepared?
Answer:
All the elements except beryllium, combine with hydrogen on heating to form their hydrides with general formula MH₂. BeH₂ can be prepared by the reaction of BeCl₂ with LiAlH₄.
2BeCl₂ + LiAlH₄ → 2BeH₂ + LiCl + AlCl₃

Question 26.
Mention the uses of beryllium.
Answer:

• Beryllium is used as radiation windows for X-ray tubes and X-ray detectors.
• The sample holder in X-ray emission studies is made of beryllium.
• Beryllium is used to build the beam pipe in accelerators.
• Beryllium is used in detectors due to its low density and diamagnetic nature.

Question 27.
Write about the uses of strontium.
Answer:

• ⁹⁰Sr is used in cancer therapy.
• ⁸⁷Sr / ⁸⁶Sr ratio is used in marine investigators as well as in teeth, tracking animal migrations or in criminal forensics.
• Dating of rocks.
• Strontium is used as a radioactive tracer in determining the source of archaeological materials such as timbers and coins.

Question 28.
Mention the uses of radium.
Answer:

• In self-luminous paints for watches.
• In nuclear panels.
• In aircraft switches.
• In clocks and instrument dials.

Question 29.
BeO is covalent where as MgO is ionic. Give reason.
Answer:
Beryllium oxide (BeO) is covalent due to the small size of Be²⁺ ion, while magnesium oxide (MgO) is ionic due to the bigger size of Mg²⁺ ion.

Question 30.
How is barium peroxide prepared?
Answer:
Barium peroxide is prepared by heating monoxides with oxygen at high temperature.

Question 31.
How would you prepare quick lime?
Answer:
Quick lime is produced on commercial scale by heating limestone in a lime kiln at 1173K.

This reaction being reversible, CO₂ is removed as soon as it is produced to enable the reaction to proceed to completion.

Question 32.
What is slaking of lime?
Answer:
The addition of limited amount of water breaks the lump of lime. This process is called slaking
of lime and the product is slaked lime.
CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂

Question 33.
What happens when quick lime reacts with –
1. H₂O
2. CO₂?
Answer:
1. CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ (calcium hydroxide)
2. CaO + CO₂ → CaCO₃ (calcium carbonate)

Question 34.
Prove that calcium oxide is a basic oxide.
Answer:
Calcium oxide is a basic oxide. It combines with acidic oxides at high temperature.

Question 35.
Mention the uses of quick lime.
Answer:
Calcium oxide (quick lime) is used

1. to manufacture cement, mortar and glass.
2. in the manufacture of sodium carbonate and slaked lime.
3. in the purification of sugar.
4. as drying agent.

Question 36.
What is milk of lime? How CO₂ reacts with it?
Answer:
The aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide is known as lime water and a suspension of slaked lime in water is known as milk of lime. When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, it turns milky due to the formation of calcium carbonate.
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₂ + H₂O

Question 37.
What happens when excess of CO₂ reacts with calcium carbonate?
Answer:
CaCO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O → Ca(HCO₃)₂ (Calcium bi-carbonate)

Question 38.
What is bleaching powder? How Is it prepared?
Answer:
Bleaching powder is Ca(OCl)₂. it is prepared by treating chlorine with milk of lime.

Question 39.
What are the uses of calcium hydroxide?
Answer:
Calcium hydroxide is used

• in the preparation of mortar, a building material.
• in white wash due to its disinfectant nature.
• in glass making and tanning industry.
• for the preparation of bleaching powder and for the purification of sugar.

Question 40.
How gypsum occurs in nature?
Answer:

• Gypsum is CaSO₄.2H₂O. Gypsum beds were formed due to the evaporation of water from the massive prehistoric sea basins.
• When water evaporates, the minerals present in it become concentrated and crystallized.
• Gypsum is formed, due to evaporation, sulphur present in water bonds with oxygen to form a sulphate. The sulphate then combines with calcium and water to form gypsum.

Question 41.
How is gypsum synthesized?
Answer:
Gypsum can also be synthesized from coal-fired power plants, as a by-product of flue-gas de suiflirization. The process of scrubbing sulfur from flue gases produced when coal is burned results in the production of several by-products, including gypsum.

Question 42.
What is meant by retrograde solubility?
Answer:
Gypsum is a soft mineral and it is less soluble in water as the temperature increases. This is known as retrograde solubility, which is a distinguishing characteristic of gypsum.

Question 43.
Write a note about physical appearance of gypsum.
Answer:

• Gypsum is usually white, colorless or grey in colour.
• It can also be found in the shades of pink, yellow, brown and light green, mainly due to the presence of impurities.
• Gypsum crystals are found to occur in a form that resembles the petals of a flower. This type of formation is referred to as ‘desert rose’, as they mostly occur in arid areas or desert terrains.

Question 44.
Prove that gypsum is a natural insulator.
Answer:

• Gypsum have low thermal conductivity.
• It won’t allow the electric current to pass through it. So it is known as natural insulator.

Question 45.
Write a note about alabaster.
Answer:

• Alabaster is a variety of gypsum.
• It is highly valued as an ornamental stone.
• it has been used by the sculptors for centuries.
• Alabaster is granular and opaque.

Question 46.
What ¡s dead burnt plaster?
Answer:
When Plaster of Paris is heated above 393K, no water of crystallisation is left and anhydrous calcium sulphate (CaSO₄) is formed. This is known as ‘dead burnt plaster’.

Question 47.
What ¡s meant by the setting of cement?
Answer:
When gypsum is added to cement by mixing with an adequate quantity of water, it forms a plastic mass that gets into a hard solid in 5 to 10 minutes.

Question 48.
Write notes on plaster of paris.
Answer:
It is a hemihydrate of calcium sulphate. It is obtained when gypsum, CaSO₄.2H₂O, is heated to 393 K.
2CaSO₄ 2H₂O{s) → 2CaSO₄ .H₂)O + 3H₂O
Above 393 K, no water of crystallisation is left and anhydrous calcium sulphate, CaSO₄ is formed. This is known as ‘dead burnt plaster’. It has a remarkable property of setting with water. On mixing with an adequate quantity of water it forms a plastic mass that gets into a hard solid in 5 to 15 minutes.
Uses:
The largest use of Plaster of Paris is in the building industry as well as plasters. It is used for immobilizing the affected part of organ where there is a bone fracture or sprain. It is also employed in dentistry, in ornamental work and for making casts of statues and busts.

Question 49.
In what ways lithium shows similarities to magnesium in its chemical behaviour?
Answer:

• Both react with nitrogen to form nitrides.
• Both react with O₂ to form monoxides.
• Both the elements have the tendency to form covalent compounds.
• Both can form complex compounds.

Question 50.
Explain why can alkali and alkaline earth metals not be obtained by the chemical reduction method.
Answer:
Alkali and alkaline earth metals, themselves acts as better recurring agents and reducing agents, better than alkali metals. That is why these metals are not obtained by chemical reduction methods.

Question 51.
Why are potassium and caesium. rather than lithium used ¡n photoelectric cells?
Answer:
Potassium and caesium have much lower ionization enthalpy than that of lithium. As a result, these metals easily emit electrons on exposure to light. Due to this, K and Cs are used in photoelectric cells rather than lithium.

Question 52.
Berllium and magnesium do not give colour to flame whereas other alkaline earth metals do so. Why?
Answer:
Due to small size, the ionization enthalpies of Be and Mg are much higher than those of other alkaline earth metals. Therefore, a large amount of energy is needed to excite their valence electron and that’s why they do not impart colour to the flame.

Question 53.
Why are lithium salts commonly hydrated and those of the other alkali metal ions usually anhydrous?
Answer:
Due to its smallest size, Li⁺ can polarize water molecules easily than the other alkali metal ions.

Question 54.
Why are alkali metals always univalent? Which alkali metal ion forms largest hydrated ion in aqueous solution?
Answer:
They are always univalent because after losing one electron, they acquire nearest inert gas configuration. Li⁺ forms largest hydrated cations because it has the highest hydration energy.

Question 55.
What is the effect of heat on the following compounds (Give equations for the reactions)?
Answer:
1. CaCO₃
2. CaSO₄ .2H₂O
Answer:

Question 56.
Explain the following:
Answer:
(a) Lithium Iodide is more covalent than lithium fluoride.
(b) Lattice enthalpy of LIF is maximuni among all the alkali metal halides.
Answer:
(a) According to Fazan’s rule, Li⁺ ion can polarise I^– ion more than the F^– ion due to bigger size of the anion. Thus Li⁺ has more covalent character than LiF.
(b) Smaller the size (internuclear distance), more is the value of lattice enthalpy since internuclear distance is expected to be least in the LiF.

Question 57.
Why alkali metals are soft and have low melting points?
Answer:
Alkali metals have only one valence electron per metal atom. As a result, the binding energy of alkali metal ions in the close-packed metal lattices are weak. Therefore, these are soft and have low melting point.

Question 58.
Why is LiF almost insoluble In water whereas LiCl soluble not only in water but also in acetone?
Answer:
The low solubiLity of LiF in water is due to its very high Lattice enthalpy (F^– ion is very small in size). On the other hand, in lithium chloride (LiCl) the lattice enthaipy is comparatively very small. This means that the magnitude of hydration enthalpy is quite large. Therefore lithium chloride dissolves in water. It is also soluble in acetone due to dipolar attraction (Acetone is polar in nature).

Question 59.
The hydroxides and carbonates of sodium and potassium are easily soluble in water while the corresponding salts of magnesium and calcium are sparingly soluble in water. Explain.
Answer:
Since group 1 hydroxides and carbonates due to large size contain higher hydration energy than the lattice energy so, they are easily soluble in water. Where as, in magnesium and calcium due to small size their lattice energy dominates over hydration energy they are sparingly soluble in water.

Question 60.
Draw the tile structure of –
1. BeCl₂ (vapour)
2. BeCl₂ (solid).
Answer:
BeCl₂ (vapour):
In the vapour state, it exists as a chlorobridged dimer.

2. BeCl₂ (solid):

Question 61.
Why is Li₂CO₃ decomposed at a lower temperature whereas Na₂CO₃ at higher temperature?
Answer:
Li₂CO₃ is a covalent compound, whereas Na₂CO₃ is an ionic compound. Therefore, lattice energy of Na₂CO₃ is higher than that of Li₂CO₃. Thus, LiCO₃ is decomposed at a lower temperature.

Question 62.
Alkali metals give colouration when heated in Bunsen flame. Give reason.
Answer:
1. When the alkali metals salts moistened with concentrated hydrochloric acid are heated on a platinum wire in a flame, they show characteristic coloured flame.

• Lithium – Crimson red
• Sodium – Yellow
• Potassium – Lilac
• Rubidium – Reddish violet
• Caesium – Blue

2. The heat in the flame excites the valence electron to a higher energy level. When it drops back to its actual energy level, the excess energy is emitted as light whose wavelength is in the visible region produces colour.

Question 63.
How sodium metal reacts with –
1. ethanol
2. acetylene.
Answer:
(i) Sodium metal reacts with ethanol to form sodium ethoxide and liberates H₂ gas.

Question 64.
Mention the uses of lithium and its compounds. .
Answer:

• Lithium metal is used to make useful alloys. For e.g. with lead, lithium is used to make white metal bearings for motor engines, with aluminium to make aircraft parts and with magnesium to make armour plates. It is also used in thermonuclear reactions.
• Lithium is used to make electrochemical cells.
• Lithium carbonate is used in medicines.

Question 65.
What are the uses of sodium and its compounds?
Answer:

• Sodium is used to make Na/Pb alloy needed to make Pb(Et)₄ and Pb(Me)₄. These organolead compounds were used as anti-knock additives to petrol in early days.
• Liquid sodium metal is used as a coolant in fast breeder nuclear reactors.

Question 66.
What are the uses of potassiunt and its compounds?
Answer:

• Potassium has a vital role in biological system.
• Potassium chloride is used as a fertilizer.
• Potassium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soft soap.
• Potassium hydroxide is also used as an excellent absorbent of carbon dioxide.

Question 67.
What is soda ash? How is it obtained?
Answer:
Sodium carbonate decahydrate commonly known as washing soda Na₂CO₃. 10H₂O. Upon heating, it looses the water of crystallization to form monohydrate. Above 373K, the monohydrate becomes completely anhydrous and changes to a white powder called soda ash.

Question 68.
Mention the uses of washing soda (or) sodium carbonate.
Answer:

• Sodium carbonate is highly used in laundering.
• It is an important laboratory reagent used in qualitative analysis and in volumetric analysis.
•  It is also used in water treatment to convert hard water to soft water.
• It is used in the manufacture of glass, paper, and paint.

Question 69.
How would you prepare pure sodium chloride from crude salt?
Answer:
(a) Crude salt contains sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride as impurities along with sodium chloride.
(b) Pure NaCl is obtained from crude salt by removal of insoluble impurities through filtration from the crude salt solution with a minimum amount of water.
(c) Sodium chloride can be crystallized by passing HCl gas into this solution.
(d) Calcium and magnesium chloride being more soluble than NaCl, remain in the solution.

Question 70.
Mention the uses of sodium chloride.
Answer:

• It is used as a common salt (or) table salt for domestic purposes.
• It is used for the preparation of many inorganic compounds such as NaOH and Na₂CO₃.

Question 71.
What are the uses of sodium hydroxides?
Answer:

• Sodium hydroxide is used as a laboratory reagent.
• It is used in the purification of bauxite and petroleum refining.
• It is used in the textile industries for mercerizing cotton fabrics.
• It is used in the manufacture of soap, paper, artificial silk, and a number of chemicals.

Question 72.
Give a reason why sodium bicarbonate is used in bakeries.
Answer:
Sodium bicarbonate is called baking soda. Because it decomposes on heating to generate bubbles of carbon dioxide, leaving holes in cakes or pastries and making them light and fluffy.

Question 73.
Write about the uses of sodium bicarbonate.
Answer:

1. NaHCO₃ is used as an ingredient in baking.
2. It is used as a mild antiseptic for skin infections.
3. It is also used in fire extinguishers.

Question 74.
Explain the action of soda-lime with
1. SiO₃
2. P₄O₁₀.
Answer:
Quick lime mixed with soda gives solid soda lime. It combines with acidic oxides such as SiO₂, ançi P₄O₁₀ to form calcium silicate and calcium phosphate, respectively.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal 3-Mark Questions

Question 1.
Explain the periodic nature of ionization enthalpy in the alkali group.
Answer:

1. Alkali metals have the lowest ionization enthalpy in each period.
2. Within the group, as we go down, the ionization enthalpies of alkali metals decrease due to the increase in atomic size.
3. In large atoms, the valence electrons are loosely held by the nucleus and arc easily lost, leading them to have low ionization enthalpy and acquiring stable noble gas configuration.
4. On moving down the group, the atomic size increases and the number of inner shells also increases, which in turn increases the magnitude of screening effect. So. the ionization enthalpies decreases down the group.

Question 2.
Discuss the reaction of alkali metals with liquid ammonia.
Answer:
Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to give deep blue solutions that are conducting in nature. The conductivity is similar to that of pure metals. This happens because the alkali metal atom readily loses its valence electron in ammonia solution. Both the cation and the electron are ammoniated to give ammoniated cation and ammoniated electron.
M + (x + y)NH₃ → [M(NH₃)_x]⁺ [e(NH₃)_y)]^–

The blue colour of the solution is due to the ammoniated electron which absorbs energy in the visible region of light and thus imparts blue colour to the solution. The solutions are paramagnetic and on standing slowly liberate hydrogen resulting in the formation of an amide.
M⁺ + e^– + NH₃ → MNH₂ + \(\frac{1}{2}\)H₂
In concentrated solution, the blue colour changes to bronze colour and become diamagnetic.

Question 3.
Explain the anomalous behaviour of lithium among the alkali metals.
Answer:

• Lithium is extremely small.
• It has great polarizing power.
• It has least electropositive character.
• In lithium, the non-availability of d-orbitals is observed.

Question 4.
Write the uses of sodium carbonate.
Answer:

1. Sodium carbonate known as washing soda is used heavily for laundering
2. It is an important laboratory reagent used in qualitative analysis and in volumetric analysis.
3. It is also used in water treatment to convert hard water to soft water
4. It is used in the manufacturing of glass, paper, paint, etc…

Question 5.
How alkali metals react with liquid ammonia?
Answer:

• Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to give deep blue solutions that are conducting in nature.
• This happens because the alkali metal atom readily loses the valence electron in ammonia solution.
• Both the cation and the electron combine with ammonia to form ammoniated cation and ammoniated electron. M + (x+v)NH₃ → [M(NH₃)_x]⁺ + [e(NH₃)_y]^–

Question 6.
What is the reason behind the blue colouration of alkali metals with liquid ammonia?
Answer:
M + (x + v)NH₃ → [M(NH₃)_x]⁺ + [e(NH₃)_y]^–
The blue colour of the solution is due to the ammoniated electron which absorbs energy in the visible region of light and thus imparts blue colour to the solution. The solutions are paramagnetic and on standing slowly liberate hydrogen resulting in the formation of amide. In concentrated solution, the blue colour changes to bronze colour and become diamagnetic.

Question 7.
Compare the ionization energy of alkali metals with alkaline earth metals.
Answer:
Members of group 2 have higher ionization enthalpy values than group 1 because of their smaller size, with electrons being more attracted towards the nucleus of the atoms. Correspondingly they are less electropositive than alkali metals.

Although IE₁ values of alkaline earth metals are higher than that of alkali metals, the IE₂ values of alkaline earth metals are much smaller than those of alkali metals. This occurs because in alkali metals the second electron is to be removed from a cation, which has already acquired a noble gas configuration.

In the case of alkaline earth metals, the second electron is to be removed from a monovalent cation, which still has one electron in the outermost shell. Thus, the second electron can be removed more easily in the case of group 2 elements than in group 1 elements.

Question 8.
Describe the fireworks of alkaline earth metals.
Answer:

• Combined with the element of chlorine, barium sends up a green spark.
• Strontium chloride flashes red.
• Copper and chlorine compound makes a blue firework.
• Magnalium – A mixture of the alkaline earth metal magnesium and aluminium boosts all fireworks colours, particularly makes the blue brighter.

Question 9.
Write the uses of calcium.
Answer:

1. As a reducing agent in the metallurgy of uranium, zirconium and thorium.
2. As a deoxidiser, desulphuriser or decarboniser for various ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.
3. In making cement and mortar to be used in construction.
4. As a getter in vacuum tubes.
5. In dehydrating oils
6. In fertilisers, concrete and plaster of paris.

Question 10.
IE₁of alkaline earth metals are higher than that of alkali metals, but IE₂ of alkaline earth metals are smaller than that of alkali metals. Give reason.
Answer:

1. IE₁ of alkaline earth metals > IE₁ of alkali metals.
2. IE₂ of alkaline earth metals < IE₂ of alkali metals.
3. This occurs because in alkali metals the second electron is to be removed from a cation, which has already acquired a noble gas configuration.
4. In the case of alkaline earth metals, the second electron is to be removed from a monovalent cation, which still has one electron in the outermost shell.
5. Thus, the second electron can be removed more easily in the case of group 2 elements than in group I elements.

Question 11.
MgCl₂ and CaCl₂ are easily hydrated, while NaCl and KCl are not hydrated. Why?
Answer:
Compounds of alkaline earth metals are more extensively hydrated than those of alkali metals, because the hydration enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions are larger than those of alkali metal ions.
e.g., MgCl₂ and CaCl₂ exist as MgCl₂.6H₂O and CaCl₂.6H₂O, while NaCl and KCl do not form such hydrates.

Question 12.
What is the distinctive behaviour of beryllium?
Answer:

• Beryllium is small in size.
• It has high polarizing power.
• Its electronegativity is relatively high.
• It has high ionization enthalpy.
• In valence shell, vacant d-orbitais are absent in beryllium.

Question 13.
Write about the important uses of calcium. Calcium is used
Answer:

• As a reducing agent in the metallurgy of uranium, zirconium and thorium.
• As a de oxidizer, desulfurizer or decabonizer for various ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.
• in making of cements and mortars to be used in construction.
• As a getter in vacuum tubes.
• In dehydrating oils
• In fertilizers, concrete and Plaster of Paris.

Question 14.
Mention about the uses of barium. Barium is used
Answer:

• In metallurgy, its compounds are used in pyrotechnics, petroleum mining, and radiology.
• De oxidizer in copper refining.
• Its alloys with nickel readily emits electrons hence used in electron tubes and in spark plug electrodes.
• As a scavenger to remove last traces of oxygen and other gases in television and other electronic tubes.
• An isotope of barium ‘33Ba., used as a source in the calibration of gamma-ray detectors in nuclear chemistry.

Question 15.
Be(OH)₂ is amphoteric in nature. Prove it.
Answer:
Be(OH)₂ is amphoteric in nature as it reacts with both acid and alkali.

Question 16.
Write a note about the structure of beryllium chloride.
Answer:

• BeCl₂ has a chain structure in the solid-state.
• In the vapour phase BeCl₂ tends to form a chloro-bridged dimer.
• At high temperatures of the order of 1200K it gives linear monomer.

Question 17.
Draw the structure of BeCl₂ in different physical states.
Answer:
1. In solid-state:

2. in vapour state:

3. in High temperature:

Question 18.
Write about the suiphates of alkaline earth metals.
Answer:

• The sulphates of the alkaline earth metals are all white solids and stable to heat.
• BeSO₄ and MgSO₄ are readily soluble in water; the solubility decreases from CaSO4 to BaSO4.
• The greater hydration enthalpies of Be₂and Mg₂ ions overcome the lattice enthalpy factor and therefore their suiphates are soluble in water.
  Solubility order : BeSO₄ < CaSO₄ < BaSO₄

Question 19.
What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?
Answer:
Physical properties of alkali metals :

• Alkali metals have low ionization enthalpies.
• Alkali metals are highly electropositive in nature.
• Alkali metals exhibit +1 oxidation states in their compounds.
• Alkali metals impart characteristic colours to the flame.

Chemical properties of alkali metals:

• Alkali metals are highly reactive in nature.
• Alkali metals hydroxides are highly basic in nature.
• Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to form blue and conducting solution.

Question 20.
Compare the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals with respect to –

1. ionization enthalpy
2. basicity of oxides and
3. solubility of hydroxides.

Answer:
1. Ionization enthalpy:
Because of high nuclear charge the ionization enthalpy of alkaline earth metals are higher than those of the corresponding alkali metals.

2. Basicity of oxides:
Basicity of oxides of alkali metals are higher than that of alkaline earth metals.

3. Solubility of hydroxides:
Solubility of hydroxides of alkali metals are higher than that of alkaline earth metals. Alkali metals due to lower ionization enthalpy are more electropositive than the corresponding group 2 elements.

Question 21.
Why is Li₂CO₃ decomposed at a lower temperature, whereas Na₂CO₃ at a higher temperature?
Answer:
Li₂CO₃ is a covalent compound, whereas Na₄CO₃ is an ionic compound. Therefore, the lattice energy of Na₂CO₃ is higher than that of Li₂CO₄. Thus, Li₂CO₃ is decomposed at a lower temperature.

Question 22.
What happens when

• Sodium metal is dropped in water?
• Sodium metal is heated in free supply of air?
• Does sodium peroxide dissolve in water?

Answer:

• 2Na + 2H₂O —‘ 2NaOH + H₂
• 2Na + O₂ —+ Na₂O₂
• Na₂O₂+ 2H₂O —‘ 2NaOH + H₂0₂

Question 23.
Write balanced equations for reactions between

1. Na₂O₂ and water
2. KO₂and water
3. Na₂O and CO₂

Answer:

1. Na₂O₂ + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂O₂
2. 2KO₂ + 2H₂O → 2KOH + O₂ + H₂O₂
3. Na₂O + CO₂ → Na₂CO₃

Question 24.
How would you explain the following observations?

1. BeO is almost insoluble but BeSO₄ is soluble ¡n water.
2. BaO is soluble but BaSO₄ is insõluble in water.
3. LiI is more soluble than KI in ethanol.

Answer:

1. Lattice energy of BeO is comparatively higher than the hydration energy. Therefore, it is almost insoluble in water. Whereas BeSO₄ is ionic in nature and its hydration energy dominates the lattice energy.
2. Both BaO and BaSO₄ are ionic compounds but the hydration energy of BaO is higher than the lattice energy, therefore it is soluble in water.
3. Since the size of Li⁺ ion is very small in comparison to K⁺ ion, it polarises the electronb cloud of I^– ion to a great extent. Thus LiI dissolves in ethanol more easily than the KI.

Question 25.
Explain the following:

1. Why Cs is considered as the most electropositive element?
2. Lithium cannot be used in making photoelectric cells.
3. Lithium does not form alums.

Answer:

1. Due to its lowest ionization energy, Cs is considered as the most electropositive element.
2. Lithium cannot be used in making photoelectric cells because out of all the alkali metals, it has highest ionization energy and thus cannot emit electrons when exposed to light.
3. Due to small size, lithium does not form alums.

Question 26.
Give the important uses of the following compounds.
1. NaHCO₃
2. NaOH
Answer:
1. Uses of NaHCO₃

• It is used in fire extinguisher.
• It is used as mild antiseptic for skin infections.
• It is used as antacid.

2. Uses of NaOH

• It is used in soap industry
• It is used as reagent in laboratory
• It is used in absorbing poisonous gases.

Question 27.
The hydroxides and carbonates of sodium and potassium are easily soluble in water, while the corresponding salts of magnesium and calcium are sparingly soluble in water. Explain.
Answer:
All the compounds are crystalline solids and their solubility in water is guided by both lattice enthalpy and hydration enthalpy. The magnitude of lattice enthalpy is quite small in case of sodium and potassium compounds, hence they are readily dissolved in water, when compared to magnesium and calcium compounds.

However, in case of corresponding magnesium and calcium compounds, the cations have smaller sizes and more magnitude of positive charge. This means that their lattice enthalpies are more, when compared to the sodium and potassium compounds. Therefore, the hydroxi des and carbonates of these metals are only sparingly soluble in water.

Question 28.
Why is LiF almost insoluble in water, whereas LiCl soluble not only in water but also In acetone?
Answer:
The low solubility of LiF in water is due to its very high lattice enthalpy (F^– ion is very small in size). On the other hand, in lithium chloride (LiCl) the lattice enthalpy is comparatively very small. This means that the magnitude of hydration enthalpy is quite large. Therefore lithium chloride dissolves in water. It is also soluble in acetone due to dipolar attraction (Acetone is polar in nature).

Question 29.
Which out of the following can be used to store an alkali metal?
1. H₂O
2. C₂H₅ OH
3. benzene
Answer:
3. Benzene can be used to store an alkali metal, because other substances react with alkali metal as below:
Na + H₂O → NaOH + ½H₂
Na + C₂H₅COH → C₂H₅ONa + ½H₂

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal 5 – Mark Questions

Question 1.
Explain in what respects lithium ¡s different from other metals of the same group.
Answer:
lithium:

• Very hard.
• High melting and boiling point.
• Least reactive.
• Reacts with nitrogen to get Li₃N.
• Reacts with bromine slowly.
• Burnt in air gives monoxide only.
• Compounds are partially soluble in water.
• Lithium nitrate decomposes to fòrm an oxide.
• Extremely small in size.
• Li+ has greater polarizing power.

Other elements of the family:

• Very Soft.
  Low melting and boiling point.
• More reactive.
• No reaction.
• Reacts violently.
• Burnt in air gives peroxides also, apart from monoxides. K, Rb and Cs gave super oxides.
• Highly soluble in water.
• Other metals on heating gives nitrite.
• Comparatively large in size.
• Other M⁺ ions have comparatively larger polarizing power.

Question 2.
Discuss the diagonal relationship between Lithium and Magnesium.
Answer:
Similarity between the first member of group 1 (Li) and the diagonally placed second clement of group 2 (Mg) is called diagonal relationship. It is due to similar size (rLi₊ = 0.766 Å and Mg₂₊ = 0.72 Å) and comparable electronegativity values (Li = 1.0; Mg = 1.2). Similarities between Lithium and Magnesium are

1. Both lithium and magnesium are harder than other elements in the respective groups
2. Lithium and magnesium react slowly with water. Their oxides and hydroxides are much less soluble and their hydroxides decompose on heating.
3. Both form a nitride, Li₃N, and Mg₃N₂, by direct combination with nitrogen
4. They do not give any superoxides and form only oxides, Li₂O and MgO
5. The carbonates of lithium and magnesium decompose upon heating to form their respective oxides and CO₂.
6. Lithium and magnesium do not form bicarbonates.
7. Both LiCl and MgCl₂ are soluble in ethanol and are deliquescent. They crystallize from aqueous solution as hydrates, LiCl.2H₂O and MgCl₂8H₂O

Question 3.
Compare the properties of beryllium with the other elements in the same group.
Answer:

Beryllium:

• Forms covalent compounds.
• High melting and boiling point.
• Does not react with water even at elevated temperature.
• Does not combine directly with hydrogen.
• Halides are covalent.
• Hydroxides and oxides of beryllium are amphoteric in nature.
• It is not readily attacked by acids because of the presence of an oxide film.
• Beryllium carbide evolves methane withwater.
• Salts of Be are extensively hydrolyzed.
• It has no vacant ‘d’ orbitals in the outermost shell.

Other elements of the family:

• Forms ionic compounds.
• Lower melting and boiling point.
• React with water.
• Combine directly with hydrogen.
• Halides are ionic or electrovalent.
• Hydroxides and oxides are basic in nature.
• Readily attacked by acids.
• Other carbides evolves acetylene with water.
• Hydrolyzed.
• They have vacant ‘d’ orbitais in the outermost shell.

Question 4.
Write the uses of alkali metals.
Answer:

1. Lithium metal is used to make useful alloys. For example, lead is used to make ‘white metal’ bearings for motor engines, with aluminium to make aircraft parts, and with magnesium to make armour plates. It is used in thermonuclear reactions.
2. Lithium is also used to make electrochemical cells.
3. Lithium carbonate is used in medicines
4. Sodium is used to make Na/Pb alloy needed to make Pb(Et)₄ and Pb(Me)₄. These organolead compounds were earlier used as anti-knock additives to petrol, but nowadays lead-free petrol in use.
5. Liquid sodium metal is used as a coolant in fast breeder nuclear reactors. Potassium has a vital role in biological systems.
6. Potassium chloride is used as a fertilizer. Potassium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soft soap. It is also used as an excellent absorbent of carbon dioxide.
7. Caesium is used in devising photoelectric cells.

Question 5.
Distinguish between alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.
Answer:
Alkali Metals:

• Alkali metals are soft.
• They have a single electron in the valence shell and their electronic configuration is [noble gas] ns¹.
• They have low melting points.
• Hydroxides are strongly basic.
• Carbonates do not decompose.
• Carbonates do not decompose.
• Nitrates give corresponding nitrites and oxygen as products.
• They show +1 oxidation states.
• Their carbonates are soluble in water except for Li₂CO₃.
• Except for Li, alkali metals do not form complex compounds.

Alkaline earth metals:

• Alkaline earth metals are hard.
• They have two electrons in the valence shell and their electronic configuration is [noble gas] ns².
• They have relatively high melting points.
• Hydroxides are less basic.
• Carbonates decompose to form oxide when heated to high temperatures.
• Carbonates decompose to form oxide when heated to high temperatures.
• Nitrates give corresponding oxides, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen as products.
• They show +2 oxidation states.
• Their carbonates are insoluble in water.
• They can form complex compounds.

Question 6.
Explain the diagonal relationship of Beryllium with Aluminium.
Answer:
Beryllium (the first member of group 2) shows a diagonal relationship with aluminium. In this case, the size of these ions (r_Be2+ = 0.45 Å and r_Al3+ = 0.54 Å) is not as close. However, their charge per unit area is closer. (Be₂₊ = 2.36 and Al₃₊ = 2.50) They also have same electronegativity values (Be = 1.5; Al = 1.5).
Properties:

1. Beryllium chloride forms a dimeric structure like aluminium chloride with chloride bridges. Beryllium chloride also forms polymeric chain structure in addition to dimer. Both are soluble in organic solvents and are strong Lewis acids.
2. Beryllium hydroxide dissolves in excess of alkali and gives beryllate ion and [Be(OH)₄]^2- and hydrogen as aluminium hydroxide which gives aluminate ion. [Al( OH₄)^–
3. Beryllium and aluminum ions have strong tendency to form complexes, BeF₄^2-, AlF₆^3-.
4. Both beryllium and aluminium hydroxides are amphoteric in nature.
5. Carbides of beryllium (Be₂C) like aluminum carbide (Al₄C₃) give methane on hydrolysis
6. Both beryllium and aluminium are rendered passive by nitric acid.

Question 7.
An alkali metal (A) belongs to period number II and group number I react with oxygen to form (B). (A) reacts with water to form (C) with the liberation of hydrogen compound (D). Identify A, B, C, and D.
Answer:
1. An alkali metal (A) belongs to period number II and group number I is lithium.
2. Lithium reacts with oxygen to form simple oxide lithium oxide (B).

3. Lithium reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide with the liberation of hydrogen.

4. Lithium directly react with carbon to form an ionic compound lithium carbide.

Question 8.
Describe the Solvay process (or) how is washing soda (or) sodium carbonate prepared in industries?
Answer:
(i) Solvay process – in this process ammonia is converted to ammonium carbonate, which is then converted to ammonium bicarbonate bypassing excess carbon dioxide in sodium chloride solution saturated with ammonia.
(ii) The ammonium bicarbonate formed reacts with sodium chloride to give sodium bicarbonate.
As sodium bicarbonate has poor solubility, it gets precipitated.
(iii) The sodium bicarbonate is isolated and is heated to give sodium carbonate.
(iv) The equations involved in this process is as below:

Question 9.
Describe the method of electrolysis of brine solution? (or) how is sodium hydroxide prepared commercially?
Answer:
(a) Sodium hydroxide is prepared commercially by the electrolysis of brine solution in Castner-Kellner cell using a mercury cathode and a carbon anode.
(b) Sodium metal is discharged at the cathode and combines with mercury to form sodium amalgam.
(c) Chlorine gas is evolved at the cathode.
(d) The sodium amalgam thus obtained is treated with water to give sodium hydroxide.